The assigned reading is based on a review of Latin America Free Essays

The appointed perusing depends on a survey of Latin America’s Banking framework and how it has had the option to develop over the timeframe because of strategies which have profoundly changed the serious scene for the banks in the locale. The author has contended that the because of decline in loan costs, expanded developments of long haul liabilities just as reasonable financial and money related strategies, the financial arrangement of Latin America has extraordinarily profited and is adding to the general development of the Region. The article refers to the case of Chile as a model for change in the locale through embracing increasingly vigorous and adaptable financial arrangements. We will compose a custom paper test on The doled out perusing depends on an audit of Latin America or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The article likewise talks about a portion of the suggestions for the nearby banks in the locale additionally as an ever increasing number of universal banks are making passage into the market. This wonder isn't just making rivalry harder yet in addition driving neighborhood banks to be the objective of the constrained takeovers. Three Questions What the article anyway neglected to represent is the reality the Brazil is the most advancing nation in the district in any case; its financial part is still under the Government control and is to a great extent protected[1] and have demonstrated significant development thusly the suppositions of the essayist that the Latin America’s banking area has indicated development due to less government mediation may not be worthy? (South American Business Information , 2001). Further, the vital decisions offered to the nearby banks must be accomplished in long haul along these lines protect themselves in short run, such neighborhood banks may require government insurance to additionally permit them to develop in size in this manner the vital goals offered by the essayist may not be entirely functional? The article has additionally talked about the chance of cross-outskirt move of best practices because of similitudes in culture anyway it neglected to disregard the political and administrative scene of the locale? Catalog 1.â â â â â South American Business Information . (2001). Brazil: Banking part has great execution. Recovered Feb 18, 2009, from www.allbusiness.com: http://www.allbusiness.com/banking-fund/banking-account review/9709591-1.html [1] Brazil’s banking division has seen solidification which was generally neighborhood in nature as nearby banks converged with one another. The most effective method to refer to The allocated perusing depends on a survey of Latin America, Papers

Man For All Seasons Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Man For All Seasons Argumentative Essay In this play there are individuals who are against Thomas More. The individuals againsthim are the individuals who mistreated him. Cromwell was one of the pioneers of thepeople who abused Thomas More. Cromwell said When the ruler wantssomething done, I do it. I think Cromwell said this since he didn't wanthis head to be cut off so everything he did was kiss up to the ruler. The creator saidMore is a man of a heavenly attendants mind. what's more, a period requireth a man of marvelousmirth and distractions; and once in a while of as pitiful gravity: a man for all seasons. Itruly accept this is reality. One of the men was Rich, a befuddled youthful manwho needed to have influence. He said yet every man has his cost. .. in moneytoo, or joy, titles, ladies, blocks and-mortat, theres alwayssomething. The individuals Thomas More connected with to me were customary individuals. I think the common individuals were Thomas More, his family, and a couple otherfriends. First they thought he was making the best choice by following his truebelieves, however then they attempted to persuade him to stop since he had alreadymade his point about the law and his religion. Jolt described him as a manas a man who would never surrender until his promise had gotten across to the foolishpeople. This would have worked for More if the remainder of the divisions even themembers of the congregation had stayed with him. Be that as it may, just the silly deteriorate ofit, barring More. Truly what might you do? Carve an incredible street through the lawto pursue the fiend? This is the thing that More said. I think this shows Moreis not the same as the individuals against him. In Mores final words he said toMargaret in issues of inner voice the devoted subject is bound to beloyal to his still, small voice than to some other thing. As I would like to think More is asaint in light of the fact that he never let go of his convictions in the law and his confidence.

Dangers of Drug Use When Breastfeeding

Dangers of Drug Use When Breastfeeding Addiction Drug Use Print Dangers of Drug Use When Breastfeeding By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Meredith Shur, MD on December 04, 2014 Meredith Shur, MD, FACOG, is board-certified in obstetrics and gynecology, as well as a certified medical examiner. Learn about our Medical Review Board Meredith Shur, MD Updated on September 20, 2019 WANDER WOMEN COLLECTIVE / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In general, breastfeeding is considered to be the best way to feed your baby during their first year of life. However, if you need to take medications or have an addiction to substances like recreational drugs or alcohol, you could harm your body. Its important to be upfront with your doctor with what medications or substances you use.  Your physician can help you decide what to do. Factors to Consider Before prescribing a medication, your doctor will consider:How much of the drug is excreted in your breast milkThe risk of short and longterm adverse (harmful) effects on your baby Drug Excretion in Breast Milk and Your Babys Exposure How much of the drug is excreted in your breast milk depends on the characteristics of the drug and how it enters your breast milk from your blood plasma. The milk-to-plasma drug concentration ratio relates to the proportion of the drug that is in your breast milk. However, this ratio varies over time, so it is not an absolute measure. Also, other factors affect how much of the drug is in an individuals breast milk. The actual level of exposure of the drug to the baby can be estimated by assuming the baby will drink a specific amount of milk per day, although, in reality, this varies. This is compared with the therapeutic dose of the drug, and the rate of clearance of the drug by the baby is also taken into accountâ€"the lower the level of clearance, the higher the babys exposure to the drug. For most drugs, it is not known at what level a dose will produce no effects on the baby. Therefore, a level of 10 percent of the therapeutic dose for infants (or the equivalent dose for adults, adjusted by body weight) is used. If the baby receives a dosage of less than 10% the drug exposure is generally be considered to be unimportant (although there are exceptions). Obviously, these calculations become a lot more difficult if you are using street drugs  because the concentrations of active ingredients are largely unknown. But your physician will be able to discuss the best course of action for you and your baby, including a safe plan for reducing and coming off drugs. There is more information on street drugs as well as legal and prescription drugs below. LactMed Data on Drugs and Chemicals in Breast Milk Research on the risk of harmful effects on infants from drugs in breast milk is sparse. It would be unethical to conduct a controlled study that might put a baby at risk by deliberately giving a breastfeeding mother drugs. However, there is some research available on babies whose mothers were already taking drugs while breastfeeding. The U.S. National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health maintains a LactMed database on the most current information on adverse effects of drugs in breast milk. You can search their database for any drug or substance. A peer review panel scrutinizes the data. Here is what LactMed reports on the research of some common drugs in breast milk and their risks. Which Medications Are Safe to Take While Breastfeeding? Cocaine Cocaine and its breakdown products pass from the mother into the breast milk and babies are very sensitive to these substances. Babies exposed to cocaine through breast milk may experience extreme irritability, tremulousness, vomiting, and diarrhea. Marijuana/Cannabis Using marijuana and cannabis products when  breastfeeding  brings concerns that the neurotransmitter effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) can affect the childs nervous system. One long-term study found that frequent use (daily or nearly daily) may cause delays in motor development. The effects of THC on the mother may impair her judgment and ability to care for the infant. Marijuana Use When Breastfeeding Methadone Methadone can cause sedation, respiratory depression, and  withdrawal  in babies who ingest it through breast milk. At higher doses, this is enough to cause death. However, some reports suggest that up to 20 milligrams per day may be taken by the mother while breastfeeding, while others suggest up to 80 milligrams per day. Methadone concentrations should be monitored in both the mothers breast milk and the babys blood if the mother is taking more than 20 milligrams of methadone a day. Buprenorphine has been suggested as a safer alternative. Alcohol Drinking alcohol while breastfeeding is not recommended. If you have successfully abstained from alcohol while pregnant, dont start drinking again while breastfeeding. If you have consumed alcohol during pregnancy, your child is at risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), so talk to your doctor as soon as possible about referring your child for early intervention, which may help your child with learning and development. Can You Drink Alcohol if Youre Breastfeeding? Research shows that babies nursed after the mother has had one or two drinks may  have agitation, poor sleep patterns, and  reduced milk intake, and the mother may have reduced milk ejection. Having one glass of wine or beer per day and waiting 2 to 2.5 hours before nursing is believed to be unlikely to cause problems. In general, alcohol is harmful to the brains and bodies of people regardless of their age, so bear this in mind and act responsibly. Painkillers There are many painkillers on the market, ranging from over-the-counter medications to prescription drugs. Some are known to increase the risk of neurobehavioral depression in babies exposed through breastmilk. Talk to your physician about the safest alternatives for you, and consider non-drug alternatives to pain relief, at least while breastfeeding. Caffeine Caffeine is one of our most widely accepted drugs, so little is written about the effects on babies. However, research says it appears in the breast milk soon after the mother drinks it. For high caffeine intake, infants have increased irritability and poor sleep patterns. LactMed says that experts recommend mothers limit themselves to 300 milligrams of caffeine per day. The caffeine content of drinks varies, so this may be as little as two to three cups of brewed coffee. Also take into account sodas, ice tea, and other sources. Nicotine and Smoking If you are smoking around your baby, you are increasing your babys  risk of conditions such as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and asthma, regardless of whether you are breastfeeding. Quitting smoking is strongly advisable. However, using nicotine patches and other such replacements also delivers nicotine to the baby through breast milk, and it is the nicotine that is thought responsible for the SIDS risk. Instead, Bupropion is believed to be safe, or the mother could stop smoking without medication. Final Thoughts Remember, the current recommendation is to breastfeed to provide your baby with the best possible start in life. But be honest with yourself about whether it will really provide the best start. Discuss your alcohol and drug use in detail with your doctor, and follow their advice to the letter, especially regarding detox.

Essay about Epic Conventions Applied in The Faerie Queene

Throughout the centuries, writing an epic is considered as the major qualification of being master poet for the European writers and many writers attempt to give an example in this genre along their life time. Unfortunately, big portion of such writers fail and burry in the dusty shelves of the literature whereas some other writers’ life time could not be long enough to complete â€Å"such divine duty that puts on the poets’ shoulders. (Sydney 47).Especially, when we look through the English literature, till the first existence of the national epic works, English writers feel the lack of epic writer figure such as Homer of Greeks, or Virgil of Latins in their literature and this obligates them to focus on writing in epic genre and this need†¦show more content†¦Throughout the paper, Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms is going to be used as main source to determine the conventions of epic poetry and applying them in the poem. According to the Dictionary, an ep ic poem has to have some specific characteristics and has to carry eleven significant features which five of them is related to the content and the six is related to the text. One of the most prominent characteristic of the eleven is; the main issue or the plot of the epic has to deal with a main character who is called, epic hero and his/her journey that focused on exploit deeds in which the hero’s success or failure will determine the fate of that people or nation that can be found in the core of the plot of The Faerie Queene. In each book there is an epic hero who is sending for a quest by Faerie Queene, Gloriana for twelve days. Along twelve books, we confront the adventures of such heroes, for instance in the Book I, a knight who is called as Knight of Red Crosse is sent to rescue Una’s parents from a fearful dragon as well as he has to defeat theological error whereas the result of the quest determines the future of Una’s parents. In the Book II, Sir Guyon sent to destroy the fleshly temptations of Acrasia. In the Book III, a female knight who named Britomart, disguised as a male, sent for aShow MoreRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagessignificance of the work’s theme? Is it topical or universal in its application? SYMBOL AND ALLEGORY A symbol, according to Webster’s Dictionary, is â€Å"something that stands for or suggests something else by reason of relationship, association, convention, or accidental resemblance†¦a visible sign of something invisible†. Symbols, in this sense, are with us all the time, for there are few words or objects that do not evoke, at least in certain contexts, a wide range of associated meanings and feelings

The Discovery Of The Americas - 1754 Words

The discovery of the Americas has impacted the events of world history since Columbus attempted to sail to India in 1492. This voyage would spark a hunger amongst European powers for land and natural resources. It would also allow for religious ideas and scientific discoveries to spread outside of Europe into far and distant lands that had no knowledge of something like Christianity. The discovery of the Americas also impacted countries that had nothing to do with the actual discovery of the Americas. Those countries uninvolved in the discovery were impacted by the goods brought back from America. These goods along with the discovery of the Americas would fuel the world trade machine for the next few centuries. The discovery of the†¦show more content†¦(Tignor, 543) Jesuits saw the discovery of the Americas as a chance to further spread their religion to people who would have never known about Christianity. However, the Jesuits were interested in scientific ideas as well as religion spreading so the Jesuits, while destroying native religious symbols for Christian ones, recorded and stored information on the native’s language and demographics. (Tignor, 543) Specifically, French Jesuits recorded dictionaries and grammar accounts of the Iroquoian language. (Tignor, 544) Jesuits would have seen the discovery of the Americas as a positive thing because it allowed them to spread religion and write and record information that would have been written into European languages. Nevertheless, some Christian missionaries, including the Jesuits, saw the Americas and specifically the natives as a problem because the natives would never fully convert to Christianity, but the natives would instead mix native spirituality with Christianity and God so Christianity was not a replacement, but rather an additive to native religions. (Tignor, 544) Another problem faced by the Jesuits was the natives’ custom of assimilating captive groups into their societies so some European colonists ended up adopting native dress and culture and these Europeans did notShow MoreRelatedDiscovery of America6704 Words   |  27 PagesColumbus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Discovery of the Americas and Discovery of America redirect here. For other uses, see Discovery of the Americas (disambiguation). Voyages of Christopher Columbus | The Four Voyages of Columbus | Participants | Christopher Columbus and crew | Location | Americas | Date | Between 1492 and 1506 | Result | European exploration of the Americas | In the early modern period, the voyages of Columbus initiated EuropeanRead MoreThe Discovery Of North America997 Words   |  4 PagesThe discovery of North America sparked a new era of exploration, expansion, and colonization. Many European countries took the opportunity to develop a new territory where they could prosper financially and benefit their home country as much as possible. The trip overseas was strenuous, as was maintaining positive relationships with Native Americans and running a successful colony. Although all European countries who showed interest in establishing territories in the Americas had their own reasonsRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Americas By Christopher Columbus962 Words   |  4 PagesThe discovery of the Americas by the European explorer Christopher Columbus was a pivotal event during the 1450s that posed challenges to the way Europeans viewed the world. Columbus was born in Genoa Italy, and is hailed as one the greatest navigators during his time, ins piring an official American Holiday. However, Columbus’s voyage isn’t all that great of a thing, especially to the native peoples and environment of the Americas. Columbus’s deeds are soured by false motives, violence against theRead MoreChristopher Columbus Discovery Of The Americas919 Words   |  4 PagesChristopher Columbus’ discovery of the Americas set the precedent for the European conquest of it. In fact, his tactics of taking land, wealth, and labor from the indigenous populations were carried out by many of the Europeans who later came to the Americas. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, whose country eventually benefited from this endeavor, financially supported Columbus. However, not all people included benefited from Columbus’ ‘discovery’ of the Americas. It also led to the decimationRead MoreChristopher Columbus And The Discovery Of The Americas1303 Words   |  6 PagesAt the beginning of the book Christopher Columbus and the Discovery of the Americas, the author Tim McNeese is telling us a general explanation of why Christopher Columbus is so recognized. He says â€Å"Few men in history have been as honored and recognized for their contributions as Christopher Columbus.†1 As the author noted, Christopher Columbus is well recognized and honored for his achievements because he changed the history of people in every continent. Someone who is spoken of this highly shouldRead MoreChristopher Columbus Discovery Of The America1124 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Board. Christopher Columbus’ discovery of the America is frequently considered one of the most important incidents that propelled the West to the front stage of history until today. It is because since the late 15th century the West began sailing across the oceans and founded colonies wherever they landed. All the places the European conquistadors took over, however, none incurred more horrifying damage and suffering than the indigenous peoples in the Americas. There were laws that protected someRead MoreBrown: the Last Discovery of America1331 Words   |  6 PagesBrown: The Last Discovery of America completes Richard Rodriguez s three-volume work in which he explains and explores the ethnic and racial future of America. In this particular book, the author defines the color brown not as the representation of the Hispanic race but as the color of the future. Black, white, yellow, the author explains, are incorrect racial categories for it is not how nature works. Nature yearns for combination of all different colors, and brown is the final result. In theRead MoreChristopher Columbus s Discovery Of The America1132 Words   |  5 PagesChristopher Columbus’s discovery of the America’s was monumental. His exploration of the New World impacted the culture, and development of America. One of these effects was the expansion of goods and products in the decades after Columbus’s first contact with Americans. Other effe cts included how these goods and products affected Amerindians and Europeans which also influenced the Columbian Exchange. Christopher Columbus’s influence on the Americas and Europe is the main reason why he is stillRead MoreThe Discovery of America: An Indirect Result of the Crusades673 Words   |  3 Pages The United States would not be what it is today if it were not for the societies that have impacted it. The Crusades indirectly contributed to the discovery of the new world. To this day America still imports grain from a trade policy signed of years ago during the Ukrainian Famine. The discovery of America is all because of the indirect effect from the Crusades. The sacking of Constantinople (1204), which was a result from the Fouth Crusade, resulted in the fatal weakening ofRead MoreThe Discovery And Creation Of The United States Of America2211 Words   |  9 PagesAmerica was built upon the dreams of many and has many layers to its story. It is a land built upon the â€Å"melting pot† theory, where the discovery of new cultures and societies, bringing their own languages, customs, traditions, religions and beliefs, made us who we are today. A country built on the ideals of freedom and liberty. But with any new idea, come the trials and tribulations associated with it. The discovery and creation of the United States of America was not exception to this rule.

The Relationship Of Feminism And Anthropology Anthropology Essay Free Essays

The relationship of feminism and anthropology can convey a new development to the manner descriptive anthropologies are written and done. Lila Abu-Lughod ‘s statement women’s rightist descriptive anthropology is an ‘ethnography with adult females at the Centre written for adult females by adult females ‘ can be seen as an attempt to happen a distinguishable manner of making and composing descriptive anthropology. In this essay I will look at the roots of feminism and feminist anthropology. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Of Feminism And Anthropology Anthropology Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will so discourse Abu-Lughod ‘s statement and seek to explicate how her statement is good to anthropology and whether it is possible to make research her manner. I will secondly look at the advantages and disadvantages of the statement. I will concentrate on impressions of partial individuality and objectiveness. Finally, I will reason by discoursing some of the issues environing the authorization of adult females, and that although Abu-Lughod ‘s statement does hold some benefits it misses the of import point. I will reason that feminist descriptive anthropology should be used as a political tool for deprived adult females and it should reflect a â€Å" corporate, dialectical procedure of edifice theory through battles for alteration † ( Enslin:1994:545 ) . Feminism can be defined as ‘both a societal motion and a position on society. As a societal motion, it has challenged the historical subordination of adult females and advocated political, societal, and economic equality between the sexes. As a societal and sociological position, it has examined the functions that sex and gender drama in structuring society, every bit good as the mutual function that society dramas in structuring sex and gender ‘ ( Oxford dictionary 2007 ) . There are three chief classs in which the different moving ridges of feminism can be divided. Among the first one which was from 1850 to 1920, during this period most research was carried out by work forces. Feminists aimed to convey the voice of adult females in descriptive anthropology, they gave a different angle on experiences of adult females and the environing events. This brought a new angle because male descriptive anthropologies merely had the chance to interview other work forces e.g. what w ere adult females like. Important figures during this period were P.Kayberry who worked with B.Malinowski at LSE. She focused on faith but she examined work forces and adult females in her work. Traveling on to the 2nd moving ridge of which was from 1920s to 1980s, here the separation between sex and gender was made by of import women’s rightists. Sexual activity as nature and gender as civilization. This takes us to the nature civilization duality which is of import when we are concentrating on the subordination of adult females in different societies. The dualities between sex/gender, work/home, men/women, and nature/culture are of import in societal theory for raising arguments. Important figures in the 2nd moving ridge feminism were Margaret Mead she made a batch of part in her work on the diverseness of civilizations here she helped to breakdown the prejudice that was based on constructs of what is natural, and she put more accent on civilization in people ‘s development. Most of import work ‘s of Mead was Coming of Age in Samoa ( 1928 ) . Another of import figure was Eleanor Leacock who was a Marxist feminist anthropologist. She focused on catholicit y of female subordination and argued against this claim. This 2nd moving ridge of feminism was influenced by a figure of events in history, the 1960s was closely linked to political agitation in Europe and North America, like the anti-Vietnam war motion and the civil rights motion. Feminism was something that grew out of these political events during the sixtiess. Feminism argued that political relations and cognition were closely linked with each other so women’s rightists were concerned with cognition and we have to oppugn the cognition that was being given to us. Feminism during 1960s called for the constitution of adult females ‘s authorship, universities, feminist sociology and a feminist political order which would be classless. Feminists became interested in anthropology, because they looked to ethnography as a beginning of information about whether adult females were being dominated everyplace by work forces. What are some of the ways that adult females are populating different societies, was there grounds of equality between work forces and adult females. Did matriarchal societies of all time exist and to acquire the replies to such inquiries they turned to ethnography. This takes us to the issue of descriptive anthropology and what we understand about adult females in different societies. It became obvious that traditional ethnographic work ignored adult females. Some of the issues environing adult females are ; ethnograhies did non speak about adult females ‘s universes, it did non speak about what went on in adult females ‘s lives, what they thought and what their functions were. When we discuss the inquiry are adult females truly subordinated, we realize that we do non cognize much about adult females in different societies. B.Malinowski ‘s work on the Kula did discourse the male function in the exchange of valuables. But during the 1970s Anette Weiner ( 1983 ) went to analyze the same society and she found out adult females are playing an of import function in Trobriand society excessively. Their involved with the Kula, exchanges, rites etc but Malinowski ne’er wrote about it. Female anthropologists of the seventiess wo uld travel and look for of import work forces, and so they would analyze their values, their societies, what was of import to them. These anthropologists assumed, that work forces followed male logics in this public/private divide in line with this divide between the domestic and public sphere. They would besides presume that what went on in the populace sphere, economic system, political relations was more of import the domestic side. The construct of objectiveness came to be regarded as a manner of male power. Feminists claimed that scientific ideals of catholicity, eternity, and objectiveness were inherently male-dominated and that the more feminist properties of particularism, empathy and emotionalism were devalued ( Abu-Lughod 1990 ) . Feminists argued that to take over male domination these female properties had to be given more importance and made clear. Abu-Lughod ‘s ideal manner of making research is when a female ethnographer takes portion in the descriptive anthropology, instead so taking herself, who listens to other adult females ‘s voice and gives histories ( Abu-Lughod 1990 ) . The female ethnographer is able to make so because although the adult females studied differ from the ethnographer, she portions portion of the individuality of her source. The female research worker therefore has the appropriate â€Å" tools † to understand the other adult female ‘s life ( Abu-Lughod 1990 ) . this is why harmonizing to Abu-Lughod female descriptive anthropology should be an descriptive anthropology with adult females at the Centre written by and for adult females. Abu-Lughod says that early women’s rightist anthropologists did non truly make anything about cognition. They had good purposes but they did n’t make much as they were trapped in ways of thought that had been given to them by the masculine nature of the academy. How to cite The Relationship Of Feminism And Anthropology Anthropology Essay, Essay examples

Strategic Management Competitive Implications of the Deployment

Question: Discuss about the case study Strategic Management for Competitive Implications of the Deployment. Answer: Introduction Mark and Spencer (MS) is a famous retailer based on United Kingdom. It has started with a small shop and now one of the leading retailer in the UK. It has nearly 910 stores in the home market and over 1380 stores around the world (Reuters UK 2016). The company delivers its own brand clothing; food; home products in the stores of UK and internationally as well. It has also online shopping facility from its website. As on 2015, it has over 83000 employees over the entire world. Strategic Purpose Mission; Vision and Values of MS: Mission Statement of MSis to make aspirational quality accessible to all. Vision Statement of MS is to be the standards against which all others are measured. Values of MS are Quality; Value; Service; Innovation and Trust. The strategic purpose of the UK retailer Mark Spencer is to provide a high class quality to its customers. They assure that they will provide quality goods that are affordable for all level of people. MS aims to set a benchmark quality of its products that will be followed by others. The company assures to provide high quality that will worth the value and provide top class services. It emphasizes on innovating new products according to the ever changing market pattern and also on building trust(Mark Spencer 2016). Strategic Statements and Functional objective Mark Spencer objective is to become leader in clothing and specialty food. It followsits mission statement in achieving the quality of product. The statements of the company are based on the objectives it has formulated to achieve. To achieve its objectives of retaining customers, MS provides quality services that complements its mission; vision and values. To attain high growth and improve profitability, MS has gained trust of the stakeholders. However, the functioning is at per its strategic statements, the focus on quality indicates that the company might charge a high price for that, instead of low quality and cheaper products. This means that the products of MS might not be affordable for all class of people. The decisions of MS are mostly based on ethics. Customers prefers products that are created under strong morale value. Hence, the objective of the company to capture the market share will be fulfilled. The company is expanding in the international market that increases competency (Bloomberg.com 2014). This can be mentioned that, the mission of the MS is to achieve functional objectives in order to achieve its vision of the future, maintain the values of the organization. The performance of this company is quite good and as demonstrated in the following table (Table 1). The companys strategy to strengthen its brand has been implemented properly. This is because, according to Global Reputation Pulse measures, MS has ranked at number one position in 2009 (Prnewswire.co.uk 2016). Table 1: Income Statement of M S, 2016 Source: Mark and Spencer 2016 Table 2: Top 10 Companies at Global Reputation Pulse Measure Rank Company Global Pulse Score 1 Marks Spencer 78.23 2 Smith Nephew 77.58 3 Cadbury PLC 77.58 4 William Morrison Supermarkets 77.16 5 Rolls-Royce 77.09 6 Tate Lyle 76.84 7 Sainsbury 76.43 8 Intercontinental Hotels 76.16 9 Thomas Cook 75.99 10 Inmarsat 75.31 Source: Prnewswire.co.uk 2016 External Analysis Macro-environment Analysis The external environment of MS has significant effect on the strategies of the company. The external factors that influences the environment of the company are political factor (P); economical factor (E); social factor (S); technological factor (T); legal factor (L) and environmental factor (E). Hence, the PESTLE Analysis will help to analyse the macro-environment of Mark and Spencer. Table 3: PESTLE Analysis Factors Impact Political Factor Opening up of East European countries in free trade agreement and European integration offers the companies like MS to expand its business on those regions (Keukeleire and Delreux 2014). The political stability of UK, attracts many investors that is a major factor for a growing business (Hamilton and Webster 2015). The taxation policy also changes the strategy of a retail company. EconomicFactor: The retail sector of United Kingdom is quite prone to recession and change in interest rate also affect this market significantly. During the financial crisis, the country has suffered a lot. Moreover, the standard of living of the people of this country is improving. Hence, the ups and downs in the economic indicator affect the activity of Mark and Spencer. The competitors of this company import products due to free trade regime in the most of the countries and save their expenses, whereas MS faces high cost of production for maintain high quality. Social Factor Changes in the consumers taste; preference; attitudes and lifestyle affects the retail industry. The people of UK no longer put high demand for high quality product, rather they have shifted their demand for more fashionable and trendy clothing (Entwistle 2015). The customers of this nation have also become price sensitive. The people of UK places high value for their money. Technological Factor: The technical changes severely affected the retail companies like MS. The emergence of online marketing and online shopping has become common practices and widened the scope of ecommerce (Gehrt et al. 2012). Moreover, the improved communication system enables the companies to stay connected to the customers. The style and fashion are copied through technology and adopted in other nations. Legal Factor: The legislation of producing renewable natural resources for making apparels or clothes, closely monitors practices of the companies. Moreover, MS has infringed many labour laws in its local operations. This has hindered its development process. Environmental Analysis: The retail business involves packaging and huge waste disposal. However, MS produce their goods in an eco-friendly manner. The growing awareness among people regarding the environment affects the business. If production creates environment hazards, then people will reduce their purchasing from that company. This will lead to fall in sales and profit. Industry Analysis The industry profitability or success not only depends on the quality of products and uses of technology. The structure of the industry and some forces are responsible for industry attractiveness in the long term. There are five forces explained by Porter, which are the major tools to analyse the industry the firm operates in (Dobbs 2014). Porters Five Forces are: threats of new entrants; bargaining power of buyers; threats of substitutes bargaining power of suppliers and competitive rivalry. Threats of New Entrants: Entrance of a new firm increase the level of competition. The cost of setting up a retail industry is quite huge. Moreover, there are already many retail firms in the UK market that are already well established, capturing large market share. New entrants will take number of years to establish a high quality brand like Mark and Spencer. Thus threats of new entrants are low. Threats of Substitute: There are increasing retailers who import goods from foreign market and sell it t cheaper price. Therefore, the substitute force of this industry is quite higher. The MS increases feature of its product to retain the customers from shifting to other company. However, due to price sensitiveness, the customers substitute the MS products with other low price products available in the UK market. Bargaining Power of Buyers: The power of buyers is very high as they are large in number and there are many alternate options to them. If the price of MS is too high, buyers will buy it from other retail stores that are offering cheaper prices. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The bargaining power of the supplier is low as they want to sell their produced goods and services through the large retail companies like MS. There are plenty of suppliers in the market, so MS have alternative options for purchasing raw materials from its suppliers. Competitive Rivalry: Mark Spencer has number of rivals in the clothing sector like John Lewis etc. and high competition in food industry from firms like Tesco and Sainsbury. The competition in the retail industry is very high in United Kingdom. Internal Analysis Strategic Capabilities and Competency The excellent and quality products of MS are the key area of competency. In addition to this, the superior technology enhances the capability of this company. Core competency is vital for MS. It enables the company to deliver high value; consistent quality. The investors and the customers trusts the company and the management quality of the company is also of superior quality. Its diversified product is another added advantage and makes it more competent in the competitive market. Reputation and the loyalty of the customers are important resources to run the business (Yu, Ramanathan and Nath 2014). It is the epitome of honesty in this nations retail industry. The core competency resulted in development of strong brand; excellent quality control and good customer service. Rigid management system once caused MS to become vulnerable to the changes in the market. Therefore, the company created more resources to seek new opportunity. MS allowed autonomy for the store managers; they adopte d different procedure of buying and started to look for overseas suppliers. The internal structure of the organization is flat in nature. This encourages the employees to take part in the decision making process. The relationship between the employees; suppliers; management and customers are getting stronger; which has positioned MS at the markets core. The combination of capabilities and resources, the MS has achieved unique competency. The resource and capability further improved the efficiency of the organization (Wang 2016). The basic resources are those that the competitors also use. The unique resources are those resources that are different from the competitors and it is hard to copy. The unique resources create competitive advantage for the organization (Costa, Cool and Dierickx 2013). The basic resources of MS are its number of store; experienced staff; high quality product and essential suppliers. Unique resource of this company is its brand awareness. Most of the people in UK along with people outside know the company. Business Function of MS The MS operates in the retail industry in UK. The business function of this company incorporates developing a culture of quality awareness in the company. It ensures quality through rigorous examination of products from suppliers. This has helped the company to create its brand value and maintaining it for long years. The functions of the business of this company are also formulated in order to achieve the sustainability. Currently, the Plan A of this company is adopted to achieve goal of ethical and environmental objectives. According to this business plan, the company aims to make its business in UK, Carbon neutral(Corporate.marksandspencer.com 2016). The ultimate goal of MS is to become most sustainable retailer. The company has expanded its international business as well. Basis of Competitive Strategy The generic strategies of a company are analysed in order to understand the competitive advantage of the company. The Porters generic strategies are: Cost Leadership; Differentiation and Focus (Tanwar 2013). The Focus strategy is again divided into two categories; Cost Focus and Differentiation Focus. Source: Jenkins and Williamson 2015 The three generic strategies of Porter extended to eight different strategies varying according to the price and value perceived to the consumers (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). This is known as Strategic Clock as illustrated in the following diagram. Source: Metzger 2014 MS is operating in a very tough competitive environment. It operates in many segments like, food; cloths; home and beauty products in order to deal with the competitors. MS clothing changes according to the trend to maintain its competitive advantage over the market(Butler 2014). This company faces tough competition from Next; Debenhams; Gap etc. who provide clothing that is more fashionable. Similarly, in food chain Tesco and Sainsbury gives it a tough competition as they are offering frozen and readymade food items. The MS has therefore obtained strategies that help it to compete in the market. MS differentiated themselves from other with their top quality own label food; fresh food and food for special occasion. They do not offer discount offers to the customers rather they prefer to give them additional value for their money and consistently maintained its freshness and quality. The biggest retailers of UK (Tesco; Sainsbury; Morrison and ASDA) constitute huge percentage of market share together. Therefore, MS cannot compete with them in low price strategy. Therefore, their strategy is to focus on the quality of product and make its product unique from what others offer. It offers high quality product for the upper end of the mass market. The company is a premium food retailer and trying to gain market share. Hence, it can be concluded that the company stands on Focused differentiation strategy in Bowmans Clock. Strategic Choice and Strategy Evaluation Ansoff Matrix The strategic choice determines the future of the company. From the above analyses, it can be said that the company will focus on maintaining its quality in order to satisfy their customers. They would prefer to sell their own labelled branded goods. Since, the company has number of rivals in the UK market, it must adopt strategy that will help to capture more market share. Since, the products offered by MS have several alternatives, it will try to differentiate its products and services. Hence, innovation process is crucial to this company and its strategic choice of innovation will be focused on improving quality and offering differentiated or unique products to the consumers. From Ansoffs Matrix, the strategic direction of the company can be identified. Company can gain competitive advantage through four options, such as, market penetration; product development; market development and diversification (Jenkins and Williamson 2015). Source: Jenkins and Williamson 2015 Market Penetration: This entails the developing existing products in order to attract more people in the existing market. Through market penetration, Mark Spencer can increase its market share. The loyalty program; sales promotion or pricing strategy can be used as tools for market penetration. MS started with single company and now it has grown to many numbers in the domestic market. The company focused on improving their clothing fashion and concentrate on British market. Through aggressive promotional campaign and implementing of loyalty card, MS has achieved competitive advantage. Product Development: This entails development of new product in the existing market or development of production process through technological improvement. Mark and Spencer has developed some new products like banking and financial service. Product development requires developing new competency. MS increases its competitive advantage by improving its clothing variety. It has developed its product through establishing a new brand per una. Promoting online services, the company developed its product and get access to more customers, which improves their competitiveness. Market Development: This entails selling of existing product in new market. This includes exploitation of new market segment and having new users (Hood, Clarke and Clarke 2016).MS has opened its largest store outside UK in Dubai. It has also opened stores in Shanghai and much other foreign market. By developing clothing wear specifically for teenage group or children (which is a different market segment), MShas become more competitive. Diversification: This entails the riskiest venture of a business, as it moves to new market with a product. MS through diversification strategy reduces its dependency on the UK market. The company also diversifies its products in food items; home appliance etc. MS can grow in future through penetrating market by developing new product as it will be less risky in the growth path of the company. Suitability; Acceptability; Feasibility of strategy Market Development: While launching existing product into the new market, the strategy exploits the strength of the company. This is because, the product is already in the present market and MS knows how to promote its product in new market. It also fit with the purpose of the firm. Hence, it is suitable. There is certain risk associated with this kind of strategy, as the new market is to be explored by the firm. However, this strategy is acceptable as MS already knows everything about the product, like its demand etc. Moreover, the brand name is already established. Therefore, this strategy is acceptable. This kind of strategy is possible to implement if the company has sufficient resources. It is feasible becauseMS can finance this strategy. Conclusion The strategic statement of Mark Spencer, the famous retailer in the UK market, is similar to that of its functional objectives. It faces growing opportunity due to changing global politics and threats from some legal constraint. Industry analysis indicates that it faces a challenging environment. MS achieved competencies through resources and capabilities of the firm. It has been identified that MS follows focused differentiation strategy to achieve competitive advantage. The company also focuses on its growth that has been analysed with the help of Ansoff Matrix. The Suitability-Acceptability-Feasibility of market development strategy of MS has been verified. Recommendation MS can utilize their strength in terms of their strong brand value. It can make most out of its excellent quality products. Operating more than a century, the company has been consistence in its performance. The company must utilize these strengths in its functioning. However, it can avoid criticism by curbing down its excessive price of the products. The clothing fashion of this company reflects British royalty, but younger generation is fond of trendy fashion. MS must be engaged in the promotional activity to attract its customers. MS must capitalize on the online shopping facility. Entering into the new market segment is another opportunity of the company that must be utilized to improve the comparative advantage of the company. It is recommended to manage the threats of the company by reducing price, as most of the rivals are offering same products at cheaper price. MS must differentiate its product, so that people find it difficult to substitute it. References Bloomberg.com. 2014. Marks Spencer Sets Objective for Boosting International Profit. [online] Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-01/marks-spencer-sets-objective-for-boosting-international-profit [Accessed 5 Aug. 2016]. Butler, S. 2014. Marks Spencer losing clothing market share faster than rivals. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/mar/31/marks-and-spencer-losing-clothing-market-share-faster-rivals [Accessed 5 Aug. 2016]. Corporate.marksandspencer.com. 2016. About Plan A. [online] Available at: https://corporate.marksandspencer.com/plan-a/our-stories/about-plan-a [Accessed 5 Aug. 2016]. Costa, L.A., Cool, K. and Dierickx, I., 2013. The competitive implications of the deployment of unique resources. Strategic management journal, 34(4), pp.445-463. Dobbs, M., 2014. Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates. Competitiveness Review, 24(1), pp.32-45. Entwistle, J., 2015. The Fashioned Body: Fashion, Dress and Social Theory. John Wiley Sons. Gehrt, K.C., Rajan, M.N., Shainesh, G., Czerwinski, D. and O'Brien, M., 2012. Emergence of online shopping in India: shopping orientation segments. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 40(10), pp.742-758. Hamilton, L. and Webster, P., 2015. The international business environment. Oxford University Press, USA. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014. Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hood, N., Clarke, G. and Clarke, M., 2016. Segmenting the growing UK convenience store market for retail location planning. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 26(2), pp.113-136. Jenkins, W. and Williamson, D., 2015. Strategic management and business analysis. Routledge. Keukeleire, S. and Delreux, T., 2014. The foreign policy of the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan. Mark Spencer. 2016. Annual Report |2016. [online] Available at: https://corporate.marksandspencer.com/documents/reports-results-and-publications/annual-reports/annual-report-2016.pdf [Accessed 5 Aug. 2016]. Metzger, K., 2014. General Electric. Corporate Strategy Analysis. Prnewswire.co.uk. 2016. MS Tops Reputation Institute's Rankings for Best Corporate Reputation /PR Newswire UK/. [online] Available at: https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/mamps-tops-reputation-institutes-rankings-for-best-corporate-reputation-155116345.html [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. Reuters UK. 2016. Company Profile | Reuters.co.uk. [online] Available at: https://uk.reuters.com/business/quotes/companyProfile?symbol=MKS.L [Accessed 5 Aug. 2016]. Tanwar, R., 2013. Porters generic competitive strategies. Journal of Business and Management, 15(1), pp.11-17. Wang, Y.S., 2016. Dynamic capabilities in fashion apparel industry: emergent conceptual framework. Baltic Journal of Management, 11(3). Yu, W., Ramanathan, R. and Nath, P., 2014. The impacts of marketing and operations capabilities on financial performance in the UK retail sector: A resource-based perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(1), pp.25-31.

How to Set Your Freelance Writing Rate As a Newbie

Did you recently land a new freelance writing job? Ive been a freelance writer for a few years now, and Im at a good place right now with my workload and my freelance writing rate. But, I didnt start out like that. I had to figure out what my rate was as a new freelance writer. If you were like me when I first started out, I had no clue what were freelance writing rates. How do you decide what your writing is worth to prospects? I asked other freelance writers, but they couldnt tell me what MY writing was worth. So, the only thing I did was pick a number, and I thought $.04/word was a good freelance writing rate as a starting point. Boy, was I wrong! I quickly learned that any freelance writing jobs that came my way, were low-quality and low priced. Why was that happening? It was because I was telling everyone thats what I was worth!! To check out what you need to set your freelance writing rate, check out my YouTube video and make sure to subscribe to my channel! Freelance Writing Rates Some things to consider when setting your freelance writing rate are: What your niche is – some niches are more profitable than others The level of your writing skill – you need to have some basic understanding of the English language and forming engaging content How you define yourself online – you can do this easily by starting a service-based blog Your network – you can land some sweet gigs if you have a network to fall back on What others say about your writing – by guest posting you can find out what others are saying about your work Where you live Your ideal client With those in place, you can decide the value of your writing. For my course students, I suggest to start at around $.10/word. This is standard for blog posts of varying niches. How to Grow Your Freelance Writing Income You cant make a living at $.10/word. You have to grow your business so that you can start making a living as a writer. Typically, this is a progression of a freelance writer: 1. One Off Pieces In the beginning you might land a freelance writing job thats only one project or one blog post. This might even be a paid guest post. These types of gigs are fun and exciting and it helps you figure out your niche. 2. Specialize Once you have a handle on freelance writing, you soon start to realize where the money is. And that is with your niche. From the one-off pieces you learn which topics you enjoy writing about and which ones give you the most income. You also learn what type of clients you enjoy working with. At this point you can be a bit choosy on which freelance writing jobs you pick. 3. Recurring Work When youre in the thick of freelance writing, you will try to find ways to sustain this workflow. So that means finding recurring work. You also might explore other services to diversify your income. Some extra services you might offer are: Editing eBook writing Ghostwriting Copywriting Social media marketing Virtual asisting 4. Fine-Tuning At this point – probably a year into freelance writing – you start to really fine-tune your hustle strategy for marketing your freelance writing business. This might mean optimizing your pitch so that you land the right type of client. Or, it might mean using cold pitching as a new tactic for high-paying projects. As a more established freelance writer, you will learn what to do to land more projects and raise your freelance writing rate. Work From Home As a Freelance Writer Its up to you to set your freelance writing rate and learn how to negotiate a higher rate when the time comes. Its also up to you to pick the right jobs so that you can turn this into a livable income.

The Grassland Biome Habitat

The Grassland Biome Habitat The grassland biome includes terrestrial habitats that are dominated by grasses and have relatively few large trees or shrubs. There are three main types of grasslands- temperate grasslands, tropical grasslands (also known as savannas), and steppe grasslands. Sufficient Rainfall Most grasslands experience a dry season and a rainy season. During the dry season, grasslands can be susceptible to fires which often start as a result of lightning strikes. The annual rainfall in a grassland habitat is greater than the annual rainfall that occurs in desert habitats. Grasslands receive sufficient rainfall to support the growth of grasses and other plants, but not enough to support the growth of significant numbers of trees. The soils of grasslands also limit the vegetation structure that grows in them. In general, grassland soils are too shallow and dry to support tree growth. Variety of Wildlife Grasslands support a variety of wildlife including reptiles, mammals, amphibians, birds and many types of invertebrates. The dry grasslands of Africa are among the most ecologically diverse of all grasslands and support populations of animals such as giraffes, zebras, lions, hyenas, rhinoceroses, and elephants. The grasslands of Australia provide habitat for kangaroos, mice, snakes, and a variety of birds. The grasslands of North America and Europe support wolves, wild turkeys, coyotes, Canada geese, cranes, bison, bobcats, and eagles. Some common plant species that occur in North American grasslands include buffalo grass, asters, coneflowers, clover, goldenrods, and wild indigos. Key Characteristics The following are the key characteristics of the grassland biome: Vegetation structure that is dominated by grassesSemi-arid climateRainfall and soils not sufficient to support significant tree growthMost common at mid-latitudes and near the interiors of continentsGrasslands are often exploited for agricultural use Classification The grassland biome is classified within the following habitat hierarchy: Biomes of the World Grassland Biome The grassland biome is divided into the following habitats: Temperate grasslands - Temperate grasslands are habitats that are dominated by grasses and have lack trees and large shrubs. Temperate grasslands include tall-grass prairies which are wet and humid and short-grass prairies which are dry and experience hot summers and cold winters. The soil of temperate grasslands has an upper layer that is nutrient-rich. Seasonal droughts are often accompanied by fires that prevent trees and shrubs from growing.Tropical grasslands - Tropical grasslands are grasslands that are located near the equator. They have warmer, wetter climates than temperate grasslands and experience more pronounced seasonal droughts. Tropical grasslands are dominated by grasses but also have some scattered trees. The soil of tropical grasslands are very porous and drain rapidly. Tropical grasslands occur in Africa, India, Australia, Nepal, and South America.Steppe grasslands - Steppe grasslands are dry grasslands that border on semi-arid deserts. The grasses found in steppe grasslands is much shorter than that of temperate and tropical grasslands. Steppe grasslands lack trees except along the banks of rivers and streams. Animals of the Grassland Biome Some of the animals that inhabit the grassland biome include: African elephant (Loxodonta africana) - African elephants have a large head, large ears, and a long muscular trunk. The two front incisors of African elephants grow into large tusks that curve forward.Lions (Panthera leo) - Lions are the largest of all African cats. Lions inhabit the savannas of Africa and the Gir Forest in northwest India.Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) - Spotted hyenas inhabit the grasslands, savannas, and semi-deserts of sub-Saharan Africa. Their population densities are highest in the Serengeti, a vast plains ecosystem that stretches from northern Tanzania to southwestern Kenya.American bison (Bison bison) - Millions of bison used to roam North Americas grasslands, boreal regions, and scrublands but the relentless slaughter of bison for meat, hides, and sport drove the species to the brink of extinction.

Role of Economic Development in Reducing the Poverty Rate Essay

Role of Economic Development in Reducing the Poverty Rate - Essay Example This paper presents comprehensive analysis of interrelations between economic development and poverty The essay is aimed at attempting to argue that economic development is a solution towards eradicating poverty. Factors that determine economic development have been examined, factors that cause poverty have been analyzed. Through the GDP, scholars are able to determine the living standard of people occupying specific parts of the world. Thus, any notable increase in economic growth is seen as indicating an increase in standard of living to an average level. It is worth noting that the average living standards are mostly achieved through greater inequality and poverty. Similarly, a section of scholars have argued that economic activities could solely not be attached to bringing to an end poverty across the world. In fact, numerous countries struggling with their economic activities such as oil, tea, precious stones among other natural resources have been continually exploited by foreign countries leaving them with very little benefits for their people However, economic development does not only cause poverty as it has been used by numerous countries to upgrade their economic life. This has been visual through the accessibility of facilities such as water, schools, medical facilities electricity among others. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that economic development does not only cause poverty as it has been used by numerous countries to upgrade their economic life. ... As such, pressing challenges attached to economic development must be dealt with to pave way for curbing poverty. Theoretical framework The Theory of Economic Development The theory of economic development emanates from a scholar known as Schumpeter. According to the theory, it was evident that his view on economic development was based entirely on two types of research that had been carried out by Scholars: Walras and Marx. Although they were both dedicated towards coming up with solution based on the impact of economic development, they had varying reasons. Through Walras who was his great hero, this theory is said to embrace the actual logic on the interdependence between quantities in the economy. On the other hand, Marx argues that there must be vision based on economic evolution that acts as a pathway towards the generation of economic system (Rowe, 2009). In light of this, Schumpeter argues that both contributions have played a huge role in giving the economic development a gr ound as one is rigid and the other is dynamic. As such, he argues that the dynamics in any economic entails data changing by carrying out new combinations of the five cases of economic development. The five cases in economic development consist of new products, new production methods, and opening of new methods, new organization forms and new supply sources. The development of this theory by Schumpeter has greatly contributed towards economic development for over a century. Although the theory focuses more on the limitations of tackling poverty, it could be argued that there are more possibilities towards economic development been a solution to poverty

Liberal democracy and Political Participation Essay

Liberal democracy and Political Participation - Essay Example Other political scientists state that democracy is only a structure and is not individual participation. (Budge 1996) Political participation in the process has great influence on the development of everybody's character. It is known that political participation is the "key to the transformation of people from individual (private) to citizen (public)". But it can be noticed that political participation must not be only defensive and protective measure against the political system. (Bruce 1923) There are many definition of "liberal democracy". One of them states that liberal democracy is "a form of representative democracy, where the ability of elected representative to exercise decision-making power is subject to the rule of law". Liberal democracy is also subjected to constitution the main points of which are defense of human rights and freedoms. It also involves protection of minority groups. It can be admitted that rights and freedoms involve such categories as private property, equality before the law, privacy, etc. These rights are also called liberal rights. They are guaranteed by statutory or constitutional laws. (Gibson 2000) Liberal democracy involves also tolerance and pluralism. Different political and social views, extreme fringes can co-exist in liberal democracy. One more characteristic of liberal democracy is election, which give political parties the opportunity to obtain political power and to realize their political program in society. The next point to be discussed is specific rights and freedoms which enable citizens to participate in the liberal process. These rights are considered to be essential part of liberal democracy and its functioning. (Norris 2000) Among the most common rights it is possible to mention the following: the right to life an to secured, freedom of movement, freedom from slavery, freedom of speech and press, freedom of education and religion, freedom of assembly, independent judiciary. But in practice all rights have restrictions and limits, such as copyright and libel. Some limits relate to anti-democratic speeches and undervaluation of human rights. The explanation of these restrictions is that they guarantee the performance of liberal democracy and freedoms. (Budge 1996) The most disputable are the freedom of speech and freedom of press. Freedom of speech is always considered as integral part of liberal democracy in the modern world. It is guaranteed by the Declaration of Human Rights. Freedom of speech is understood "to protect any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used". (Norris 2000) It is one of the possible an favourable means of potical participation, because due to this freedom it is possible to discuss different thoughts and to get clear idea about some any process in liberal democracy. Individuals can express their thoughts

IOP Spike Control after Intravitreal Anti-VEGF

IOP Spike Control after Intravitreal Anti-VEGF In ophthalmology many ophthalmic procedures are there in which there is a spike of intraocular pressure after the procedures. Cataract surgery, argon laser trabulectomy (ALT), yag laser capsulotomy, yag laser iridotomy, trabulectomy, pars plana vitrectomy are few to be named. The new anti VEGF therapy is an addition to the prior list. Many IOP lowering drugs have been used in different procedures to stop these spikes. For ALT 1% apraclonidine, an alpha agonist has been found to be the most effective against the IOP spikes, but 0.5% has also been found to be equally effective. Brimonidine an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist has also been shown to be effective and safe choice. For cataract surgery different drugs have been used treat the postoperative increase in IOP. These include carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, prostaglandin analogs like latanoprost, alpha agonists like apraclonidine and brimonidine, beta-blockers and miotics (intracameral carbachol and acetylcholine). Similarly intravitreal injection of triamcinolone has been complicated with a rise of IOP and have been controlled effectively by beta blockers, but some may need aggressive treatment. Different researchers have worked on the control of acute spikes after the intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF, showing varied result. Some have advocated the use of IOP lowering medicine while other negating the need all together. Lim Young et al showed that the prophylactic use of fixed dorsolamide/timolol combination eye drops before the intravitreal anti-VEGF injection was a safe method of preventing IOP spikes occurring immediately after the intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF. He showed that the mean IOP at 5 minutes and 30 minutes postoperative was 14.12 Â ± 4.18 mm Hg and 10.87 Â ± 1.58 mm Hg in group 1 using IOP lowering medication while it was 28.21 Â ± 3.16 mm Hg and 17.48 Â ± 2.34 mm Hg in control group 2, respectively.9 He showed that there was a significant lowering of mean IOP at each reading at 5 minutes of interval. Frenkel et al showed the use of IOP-lowering medication prior to injection of pegaptanib, ranibizumab, or bevacizumab had little effect on the IOP spike. The failure of lowering the IOP spike was implicated to be due to the inability of these medications to counteract the volume-related mechanism of the IOP spikes after anti-VEGF injections. However, it was stated that there might be benefit to lower the IOP before intravitreal injection. In their study 2 cases of sudden loss of vision were reported due to the high IOP spike which prompted them to do anterior chamber paracentesis.8 It was also stated that the prophylactic use of medication in patients with advanced glaucoma receiving pegaptanib intravitreal injection or patients receiving 0.1 ml of bevacizumab could be considered because their study showed that it lowered IOP at the 3- to 10-minute interval in these patients. In another study done in 2013 the IOP lowering effect of Dorzolamide/Timolol and Brinzolamide/Timolol were compared with a control group. They measured the IOP after every 5 minutes for the first half hour and the next day and week after that. For all the 3 groups, the changes relative to the baseline at 5 and 30 minutes after intravitreal injection was found to be significant. Also when the groups were broken down as to whether receiving bevacizumab or ranibizumab, again the mean decrease of IOP compared to the control group was found significant. El Chehab et al have also found that the prophylactic use of fixed combination of timolol with brimonidine or dorzolamide and of 1% apraclonidine could not only reduce the IOP spikes but also their duration; and both the combination and 1% apraclonidine had equal effect. However the use of oral acetzolamide 20 minutes prior to the intravitreal injection was not proven to be effective. Evaluating the efficacy of timolol 0.5 % and brimonidine 0.2 % eye drops as a fixed combination in preventing IOP spikes Theoulakis et al found that twice a day instillation on the day before and before the time of injection in eyes which were scheduled for intravitreal ranibizumab was a safe and also effective in controlling the IOP spikes. IOP LOWERING MEDICATIONS Most of the IOP lowering medicines are administered topically. They are absorbed through the cornea and conjunctiva; mainly acting locally on the eye. Many anti glaucoma medicines have been used. The main groups of drugs are as following: BETA- ADRENERGICANTAGONISTS They are the most prescribed drugs of IOP control. There are a total of five topical beta-adrenergic antagonists which are currently FDA approved for managing high intra ocular pressure. They are timolol betaxolol, carteolol, metipranolol, levobunolol. Betaxolol is selective beta1 selective antagonist, and is safe to use this drug in patients with pulmonary and cardiac problems. The mechanism of action is to reduce IOP by decreasing the production of aqueous by inhibiting the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in ciliary epithelium. The IOP reduction is upto 20 to 35%. The effects of beta blockers occur within an hour after its instillation. Timolol is available in the market in concentrations of 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.5%. The recommended dosage is 1 drop two times a day. Burning, allergy and corneal epithelial erosions are the main ocular side effects. It can be absorbed systemically and can cause systemic side effects like bronchospasm, bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory failure. Timolol maleate has a molecular weight of 432.50. It is an odorless, white, crystalline powder that is soluble in methanol, water and alcohol. It is compounded as an isotonic, sterile, buffered solution available in two strengths: 0.25% Timolol maleate eye drops contains 2.5 mg of timolol (about 3.4 mg of timolol maleate). It has a pH of approximately 7.0, and an osmolarity of 274-328 milliosmole. And each ml of 0.5% Timolol Maleate eye drops contains 5 mg of timolol (about 6.8 mg of timolol maleate). The Inactive ingredients are usually monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphate and sodium hydroxide to adjust pH. Preservative used is Benzalkonium chloride 0.01%. PARA SYMPATHOMIMETIC AGENTS They act by stimulating sphincter pupillae and ciliary body by acting on the muscarinic receptors. They cause the contraction of the ciliary muscles which thus increases the aqueous outflow through the trabecular meshwork. Pilocarpine is the commercially available drug in this group and is compounded in concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% and the recommended dosage is 1 drop 4 times per day. Ocular side effects are miosis, induced myopia with brow ache, retinal detachment, and cataract. Systemic side effects after its absorption can be of diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and bronchial spasm. CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS (CAIs) The enzyme required for aqueous formation is carbonic anhydrase. The CAIs cause inhibition of this enzyme and thus cause a decrease in the aqueous humor secretion by the ciliary epithelium. Carbonic anhydrase is required for catalyzing the reaction of CO2 to H2CO3 which further splits into HCO3 _ and H+. The bicarbonate ions are pumped along with sodium ions into the posterior chamber along with diffusion of water for the formation of aqueous humor. Carbonic anhydrase is present in ciliary body in excess. 99.9 % of the enzyme must be inhibited before a significant decrease in IOP can occur. Dorzolamide and brinzolamide are the commercially available eye drops in market. They have a good corneal penetration, and are also water soluble. These agents are able to reduce IOP upto 14-17%. Adverse effects of topical CAIs are burning and stinging of eyes on instillation, conjunctivitis, blephritis, corneal allergy, corneal punctuates keratitis and can also cause bitter taste. The systemic used CAIs are methazolamide and acetazolamide. They also cause inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in ciliary epithlium thus reducing the reduction of aqueous humor. As it is taken orally systemic side effects of CAIs include metabolic acidosis, leading to alkaline diuresis which result in hypokalemia. So potassium levels should be regularly checked in patients using CAIs on long term basis and oral potassium supplement should be recommended to all these patients. Other side effects include renal stones formation and central nervous system side effects like numbness and tingling of hands and feet, depression, anorexia, and nausea. Dorzolamide hydrochloride has a molecular weight of 360.91. It is a white to off-white in colour, in a crystalline powder form, which is also soluble in water, methanol and ethanol. ADRENERGIC AGONISTS Adrenergic agonists act by increasing the uveoscleral and trabecular meshwork outflow thus causing decrease in IOP. Epinephrine has a mixed action of being an alpha and a beta agonist. Its effect usually begins at 1 hour and reaches a maximum at 2-6 hours. Topical epinephrine drops usage has been stopped due to frequent systemic side effects of headache, palpitation and cardiac arrhythmias. The main ocular side effect is cystoid macular edema and black pigmentation of conjunctiva. Commercially available topical form is dipivefrin hydrochloride 0.1%eye drops, which is a prodrug of epinephrine. It is converted by the enzyme esterase into epinephrine in the cornea. Because of its high lipid solubility and corneal penetration a low dose is required as compared to epinephrine and thus has less side effects. The selective alpha 2 agonist apraclonidine and brimonidine are indirect acting adrenergic agonist which act by decreasing aqueous production and also the episcleral venous pressure and thus improving the trabecular outflow. Apraclonidine is associated with tachyphylaxis while brimonidine has less of this problem. Brimonidine tartrate is available commercially in 0.25 and 0.15% eye drops. Its reduces IOP by 26% at 2 hour of interval. PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUES Prostaglandin analogues are relatively a new class of IOP lowering drugs. Four prostaglandin analogues have been approved by the FDA for clinical use. Latanoprost was the pioneer drug to be developed and used in this group. Others are travoprost, bimatoprost, and unoprostone. Latanoprost is a pro drug which penetrates the cornea and then is turned into active form. It enhances the uveoscleral outflow and thus lowers the IOP upto 25-35%. The dosage is one drop per day which makes the compliance of the patient better. The main ocular side effect is darkening of the iris and the periocular skin, by increase in the number of melanosomes in the melanocytes. Other side effects include conjunctival hyperemia, hypertrichosis, uveitis and cystoid macular edema. Systemic side effects are flu like symptoms, skin rash and uterine bleeding. OSMOTIC AGENTS Osmotic agents act by decreasing the vitreous volume by removing the liquid out of the eye into the circulation. The osmotic agents can be given orally or intravenously. Oral agent is glycerin while urea and mannitol are given intravenously. The osmotic activity is dependent upon the number of particles in the solution which cannot cross over and maintains the osmotic gradient between the compartments. Mannitol is given intravenously because it cannot be absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract. A rebound increase in IOP and local tissue necrosis limit the use of urea. Glycerin is most commonly used oral osmotic agent which is given along with cracked ice to dilute its nauseating feeling. In patients with diabetes a non-metabolized sugar isosorbide can be used instead. Several fixed combinations have been developed which are available in markets used for IOP-lowering. Most of these fixed combinations contain timolol (dosed once or twice daily) combined with either adrenergic agonists, prostaglandin analogs, and CAIs. COMBINATION Fixed combination timolol maleate 0.5% with dorzolamide hydrochloride 2% was first introduced in market in 1998. Each milliliter of drug consisting of 6.83 mg timolol maleate and 22.26 mg dorzolamide hydrochloride. Timolol inhibits aqueous humor production by down-regulating adenylate cyclase by inhibiting ÃŽ ²2-adrenergic receptor sites on the ciliary process . While dorzolamide acts as a selective inhibitor of Carbonic anhydrase II enzyme, present on the ciliary process. The local bicarbonate production is slowed down, which as a result decreases sodium and fluid transport and, finally, decreases the aqueous humor production thus lowering the IOP. Because the mechanisms of action of both the drugs differ, they provide an additive effect when used together. Fixed combinations of drugs have been found to improve the compliance of the patient by reducing the number of eye drops used daily. Moreover the IOP-lowering effect of fixed combination timolol and dorzolamide was found to be greater than that of either drug instilled as monotherapy. In addition the load of preservative is also reduced along with any wash out of drug when the drugs in monotherapy are instilled one after the other.

Black History: Facts and People

The way black people have been represented throughout history has affected the way black people are treated in the American society, their values, and their identities. Yes, black men were treated disgustingly and horrifically, but Black women have been the most overworked and unappreciated people and had to fight much, much harder than black men. â€Å"†¦sex and race are sued to ascribe to people a different rank, role and status, so long will they have a deferent historical experience from that of the dominant group† (pg xix Lerner) Many of these women were brutally raped and were seen as property rather than human beings. They were not allowed to receive any sort of education due to fear of them escaping. As women in the United States started to excel, black women had to fight harder to get the same level of appreciation. Race was always seen first before anything else even for women. The primary motivation for establishing black women studies as well as the key obstacles to its establishment as an academic discipline was done by fighting for respect in academia, their rights as women, and their struggles. Black women have significantly progressed in academia over the years. During slavery, black slaves were not allowed to learn or teach education and if caught could be severely punished or killed. Black women in academia were not taken seriously or be acknowledge for their work even if it was astounding. In the book by Lerner, â€Å"Black Women in White America,† black women's name and publications would be buried deep to ensure never to be found. â€Å"The papers of outstanding figures such as Mary McLeod Bethune, Charlotte Hawkins Brown, and Nannie Burroughs are scattered in various libraries, have never been edited nor even partially published.† Their published work was never read or even on the shelf due to the fact a black women had written them. The political position in America of black women has been historically tormented. Black Women's Studies emerged because of the failure of Black Studies and Women's studies. Black feminism in particular, needs to be perceived as intersectional and not just one-dimensional. Black women had to prove their work much more in a white-male dominated field where they're continuously questioned for every detail. â€Å"No white historian can ever again approach his work without recognizing that there were black people in the American past whose contributions and whose viewpoint must be considered†¦there is a female aspect to all history, that women were there and that their special contributions to the buildings and shaping of society were different from those of men† (pg xix, Lerner). It wasn't until black women like Lucy Terry Prince or Phyllis Wheatley, â€Å"the second woman to publish a book in America, in 1773.† (pg 4, Hine and Thompson)Black women who were teaching this course had to be extremely courageous and due it being a committed and passionate job. Even though black women studies was growing it was only until the 1970s where it was seen as an actual study. Facing the racism of white women and the sexism of black men, black women had to fight the fight on their own. At the end of slavery and the civil war, many white women still had the racist mindset of not wanting to be inclusive with the black community. Women's rights were a huge conflict in the early 1900's. The women who were fighting for equal rights to vote would be seen as Feminist. Feminism advocates women to be seen as equals to everyone else. The only problem with this was that even though they called themselves â€Å"feminists† they were not fighting for all women, just the white women. In 1920, Congress passed the 19th Amendment granting American women the right to vote. This excluded black women from voting meaning they were the minority in the country when it came to voting, they were the only group not allowed the same rights as everyone else when it came to voting. It was until 1960 when black American women were granted the right to vote through the African-American women's suffrage movement. Women in America were split up into groups due to their race that allowed white women to be more superior to black women regardless of their same biological makeup. Black women have consistently â€Å"had the lowest status in society- the economic and social-political status ranking order consisting of white men, white women, black men, black women.† (pg xxiii, Lerner). They were always the last ones to be considered because they were seen as caretakers, cooks, cleaners, or objects during slavery whereas a black man was considered to be better equipped based on their physical strength. Many black women were forced to become â€Å"mammies† to their white masters. Their jobs were to take care of the family, cook, clean over their own families. Many of the black women were put into the Fancy Girl Market, which was a sexual slave market. During slavery, black women were not allowed to be educated and would have to succumb to their everyday life of obeying their masters. They formed their own black communities in the salve quarters where they taught their children, especially their daughters, how to behave and follow rules when it came to their white masters. Their sense of closeness and kinship helped strengthen their bonds due to the lack of opportunities they were allowed. Black women were also selfless when it came to protecting their own families by obeying their masters in hopes of their children not being sold. Their protection over their own families is ironic because they were trying to give their love and affection to the families they worked in order for their own families close.

Education and its impacts in students learning Essay

The paper is about education and how its impacts enhance students learning. Universal access to education is one of the millennium goals of development. The main observations have been made together with the impacts. There is a brief introduction to what education really is. In addition, the essay further concludes by giving recommendations to what should be done to ensure every person has access to learning facilities both in the developing and undeveloped countries. Introduction Education can be termed as wealth of awareness. It can be picked up by a person and passed from one generation to the next after studying a certain subject or undergoing life lessons. It can be said to be a form of learning. Unfortunately, universal access to education has not been completely attained. A great education begins at home hence the kind of a background a child comes from will have an impact on their education. Observations made on education It has been observed that poverty particularly in developing countries is a major cause for education inequality. Secondly, the importance of education in modern world cannot be taken for granted. For instance, some sectors such as the military previously did not put emphasis on education requirements but currently they have raised minimum education requirements. It has also been observed that most countries are adopting modern technology in their learning institutions. There has been an increase in use of electronic devices such as laptops and I pads. More so, learning has been made easier since one can be educated from home through the e-learning. The observations made can be compared to the education indicators as listed by Aud et. al (2013). Impacts on students learning The Social economic status is based on the parent’s level of learning, their profession, earnings and their position in their social order. Parents with a high social economic status are likely to lay a good background for their children education than those of low status. They can afford to buy their children most of education materials they require such as pens, books and toys for young kids to enhance their early schooling. They are also capable of ensuring that their offspring have access to quality health care. In addition, these parents can access information about the well performing schools and they can also afford to pay the fees. On the other hand, parents with low social economic status usually do not have high levels of education hence their children will not be well prepared at home to start schooling unlike those with high social economic status. Gender in most African countries is still an issue to be looked upon. Boys are always preferred when it comes to access to education especially when resources to take children to school are limited. For instance, even if a girl had a better score than a boy, parents in most of African countries will prefer to take the boy for higher learning. Studies have shown that most of the poorest women in most countries have not even completed their primary school. Poverty is another impact on education. Children from poor households are less likely to perform well in class. These children usually have less participation in class, their level of terminology is low hence unlikely to perform well. Their parents cannot afford good nutrition for their kids and as a result, kids may have nutritional related illnesses and their education is disrupted. Parenting is the process of upbringing children. A child’s parent is commonly their first educator. Parents have roles of ensuring that their children are prepared for school, for example by ensuring that they have sufficient food and good health, this is necessary for a child concentration in class which results to good performance. It is at home that parents mostly emphasis on virtues such as hard work, integrity and commitment. The Society also has an impact on education. Community customs and practices have a great impact on education, which can either be helpful or damaging. For example, communities with traditions that encourage early marriages for girls prevent them from accessing their fundamental right to education. Technology, which is being embraced quite well in most countries, has a great impact on students’ performance. This is majorly for students in higher learning institutions. Students with access internet are able to complete their assignments in time. Most of higher learning institutions have embraced modern technology and they are offering some courses or units online, this is convenient for those students with access to internet because they can take classes at their free time and can also learn at their own pace. Conclusion Social economic status and poverty have the greatest impact on children access to education. Other factors with impact on education are access to technology, parenting, and race among others. These factors may have positive or negative impacts on children access to education. Undesirable effects such as inequality in education can be dealt with by making primary school education free and compulsory. If possible, education at each stage should be made free or affordable to everyone, promoting women education, discouraging child labor and school dropouts. Embracing modern technology improves education quality worldwide. References Aud, S. , Wilkinson-Flicker, S. , Kristapovich, P. , Rathbun, A. , Wang, X. , Zhang, J. , & National Center for Education Statistics, (2013). The Condition of Education 2013. NCES 2013- 037 . National Center For Education Statistics, accessed on 24th May 2013.

Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel Essay - 1003 Words

It’s so hot! Today, millions of motor vehicles are producing greenhouse gases that are flooding into our atmosphere. At the rate society is going, a theme such as global warming is being considered more and more. Not only is this petroleum addiction hurting our environment, it may also have adverse affects on our independence. The United States imports most of its petroleum from foreign nations which could pose problems in the future. This is why Alternative fuels such as hydrogen should be extensively researched. The motor transportation industry should invest in extensive research and development in hydrogen fuel to help the fuel economy create stronger national energy security, make fuel more efficient and renewable, and more†¦show more content†¦Although hydrogen can be beneficial, it poses a major problem; initial costs of hydrogen could be a detrimental barrier. To start a Hydrogen economy, high initial infrastructure costs would be inevitable (â€Å"Hydrogenà ¢â‚¬ ). The cost of distribution and even use of hydrogen would initially be excessively high (â€Å"Hydrogen†). Although initial cost may be extremely high to produce and use hydrogen, it is a necessity to help this nation become less dependent on foreign nations and to make fuel more efficient and renewable. Fossil fuels are clearly a non-renewable resource and will be depleted eventually, which is the reason hydrogen should be researched more extensively to help develop a more efficient and renewable resource. Hydrogen can prove to be more energy efficient and reliable than gasoline or diesel fuel. Gasoline and diesel fuel powered engines or internal combustion engines are not ideally energy efficient. Internal combustion engines are approximately twenty to thirty percent energy efficient (Woodbury). Most of the energy produced in the internal combustion engine is lost in heat and friction before the Brannan 3 piston is even pushed(Woodbury). 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