Tuesday, November 26, 2019
Indentured Servitude in Virginia essays
Indentured Servitude in Virginia essays Colonial America began as people from Europe chose to journey to the New World. These immigrants were searching for the tales of opportunity as well as escape the grasp of the king and the Church of England. As the population increased in the New World, so did the need of a larger and more broad labor force. The southern colonies in America typically needed more manual labor to farm rice, indigo, tobacco, and needed people to work the robust plantations. As a result of the increase in the demand for more manpower several different methods were used to acquire people from Europe to America. The head right system, indentured servitude, and eventually slavery were used successfully to jump start the southern colonies economy along with forming a social structure. During the 17th and 18th centuries, countless numbers of immigrants, mostly from Europe, sold themselves into bondage in exchange for passage to America. Drifters, drunks, and orphans were kidnapped or deceived by English recruiting agents who worked for merchants and ship captains. But most indentured servants willingly sold themselves into bondage for a term of five to seven years. Their hope was that, once free, in land-rich America, they would rise in the world. About four of every five immigrants to the Chesapeake region in the 17th century came as indentured servants. Unfortunately because of disease and brutally harsh treatment, 40% of the servants would not survive their term of service. Most women servants worked in the masters' household, where many of them were sexually abused and harshly mistreated. If a woman servant had an unexpected child, she had to serve an extra year or so for time lost for pregnancy and childbirth. There was little sense of community or stability in Virginia. Even the family was a precarious thing in a place where there were three times as many men as women, where most husbands and wives died within seven years of their marriage, and wher...
Friday, November 22, 2019
Slash Pine, Southern Yellow Pine Tree Species Overview
Slash Pine, Southern Yellow Pine Tree Species Overview The slash pine tree (Pinus elliottii) is one of four southern yellow pines native to southeastern United States. Slash pine is also called southern pine, yellow slash pine, swamp pine, pitch pine, and Cuban pine. Slash pine, along with longleaf pine, is a commercially important pine tree and one of the most frequently planted timber species in North America. Two varieties are recognized: P. elliottii var. elliottii, the slash pine most frequently encountered, and P. elliottii var. densa, that grows naturally only in the southern half of peninsula Florida and in the Keys. The Slash Pine Tree Range: Slash pine has the smallest native range of the four major southern United States pines (loblolly, shortleaf, longleaf and slash). Slash pine can grow and is often planted throughout the southern United States. The pines native range includes the entire state of Florida and in the southern counties of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina. Slash Pine Needs Moisture: Slash pine, in its native habitat, is common along streams and the edges of swamps, bays and hammocks of the Florida Everglades. Slash seedlings can not stand wildfire so ample soil moisture and standing water protects young seedlings from destructive fire. Improved fire protection in the South has allowed slash pine to spread to drier sites. The resulting increase in acreage was possible because of slash pines frequent and abundant seed production, rapid early growth, and ability to withstand wildfires after the sapling stage. Identification of Slash Pine: The evergreen slash pine is a medium to large tree that can often grow beyond 80 feet in height. The slash pine crown is cone-shaped during the first few years of growth but rounds and flattens as the tree ages. The tree trunk is usually straight which makes it a desirable forest product. Two to three needles grow per bundle and are about 7 inches long. The cone is just over 5 inches long. Uses of Slash Pine: Because of its rapid growth rate, slash pine has great valuable for tree planting on timber plantations, especially in the southeastern United States. Slash pine supplies a large portion of the resin and turpentine produced in the United States. History suggests that the tree has produced most of the Worlds oleoresin over the last two centuries. Slash pine is cultivated in warm climates worldwide for lumber and paper pulp. The excellent quality of lumber gives slash pine the name hard yellow pine. The pine is only rarely used as an ornamental landscape plant outside the deep South. Damaging Agents that Hurt Slash Pine: The most serious disease of slash pine is fusiform rust. Many trees are killed and others may become too deformed for high value forest products like lumber. Resistance to the disease is inherited, and several programs are underway to breed fusiform resistant strains of slash pine. Annosus root rot is another serious disease of slash pine in thinned stands. It is most damaging on soils where slash seedlings are transplanted and is not a problem in native flatwoods or shallow soils with heavy clay. Infections begin when spores germinate on fresh stumps and spread to adjacent trees through root contact.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Explain and illustrate this with reference to examples drawn from at Essay
Explain and illustrate this with reference to examples drawn from at least two chapters from Book 1 - Essay Example The chapter also debates how the inequality is contested and what the demands of social justice are. There are many movements that are given as examples to support the topic. Welfare state is the concern of every society and inventing a welfare state is the responsibility of politics, policies and resources. The demands of a welfare state are equality, justice and security. But at most of the times an ideal welfare society or social justice cannot be maintained as they are bound of place and time. So there are compromises and settlements made in regards to let the system of the society work. There are different kinds of populations in a society like rich and poor. Not every society has the same needs and demands thus the concept works and lies within the society. It depends on the society but it may not fit a welfare state as a welfare state demands much more than just justice. When inequality exceeds its limits then the term used is exclusion. It is when the society becomes so unjust that groups do not even get considered as a part. The chapter answers questions that arise about social justice. The notions of social justice are based on two concepts, well-being and harm. Both of them affect the meaning of social justice and they are applied to a welfare state too. They frame the welfare state and crime control. The writer discusses the relationship between the well-being harm and social justice and talks about capabilities and capacities that are engaged to shape individuals, communities and social groups. Care is another factor involved as it fulfills functions of well-being of a society. Thus care and harm are opposition and are discussed in the chapter on contrasts. Care is associated to both welfare state and social justice. The chapter also discusses the harm and crime that is made at the work areas and explains it well with examples. The injustice made at work needs justice, making work places safe, regulating labor problems, labor mobilization,
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Encouraging Employee Buy-in Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Encouraging Employee Buy-in - Essay Example Encouraging Employee Buy-in The company has more than twelve hundred employees. It is possible for line managers and the supervisors of the company to encourage employees’ engagement in an organization through positive campaign on the ban. The first important step towards encouraging employee buy-in is to critically run an evaluation of the parts of the system that impact on employee buy-in (Armstrong, 2008). Keeping employees engaged in the project to encourage smoking ban is a key element of encouraging staff buy-in. The objective of every employer is to employ staffs that are going to be a resource rather than a challenge (Armstrong, 2008). Is such an instance, the two directors should involve the employees in the company’s project from the initial stages of the system. Make familiarize the system in use to all the employees (Brief, 2008). Line managers have an easy job of setting the team together and defining the team’s direction. The challenge comes in getting the team to buy into the concept of working together for common objectives of supporting the ban (Boxall & Purcell, 2011). Emphasizing the positive benefits of working as a team to support each other is a way that may create employee buy-in to the project. The line manager should explain to employees the specific reason they have chosen to contribution to the job (Boxall & Purcell, 2011). In a way, the employee will feel proud to be associated in the business if the managers offer unbiased reasons for implementing the ban. Line managers and the supervisors should talk to employees about how to prioritize the team’s work within their regular duties.
Sunday, November 17, 2019
The Organization System Essay Example for Free
The Organization System Essay The Organization System consists of the people who worked for achieving their goals as a team. In an organization, there is a hierarchy consisting of a leader at  the top to the people at the bottom working under him. This hierarchy is subdivided in lower hierarchical order also. Thus in the organization different set of people comprise themselves to form an organization. The leader  keeps his sharp look at the team to watch whether the organization is functioning effectively or not. The role of the leader is very important in organization to keep it running.            The responsibility of a leader is to correlate the members of the organization effectively. Thus he also plays the role to eliminate the situations of conflicts. Thus in these various functions of the leader, the leadership quality for removing the conflicts in the organization is also extremely important for him. By removing the conflicts the leader will be in leading stage to work along with the members of the team.            The challenge for leaders is to effectively manage and resolve such conflicts or, better yet, anticipate and prevent them from happening at all, says CCLs Patricia Ohlott (Patty Ohlott         page 1). According to the traditional view of conflicts, the leader must have to avoid the conflicts which may be for higher designation, appraisal and others. The leader by using his leadership qualities has to eliminate this uncharacteristic and irregular part. In the traditional view related to the theory, the leader has to decline the conflict and get the member to continue the  work.            According to the human relational point of view for conflict, the conflicts will happen in the organization. The leader can resolve the problem by creating routine contact with his team. This is the simplest way of resolving the conflicts. by having the reward system one can resolve the conflict. But according to the interactionist view, the conflicts every time generate a new situation. Thus the leader must be innovative in his ideas, so that he can handle the various new situations of conflicts. The leader every time will be able to introspect his organization by having conflicts so that he can judge the situation whether his organization is working effectively or not.            The leadership quality enables the leader to improve the capability or capacity of the organization. When the leader will be working effectively, then the functioning of the organization will continue successfully. The volatility of the organization depends on leader itself. If the leader is able to predict the upcoming situation, then the organization will not endure itself. The leader has to predict the situation whether they are related to the market or related to the internal affairs with in the organization. The leader has to eradicate the complexity by using the different techniques and reviewing inside organization and the market situation.            The power means authority to govern or leading the organization. â€Å"Policies or lack of policies often are  the initial reason for conflict†. â€Å"Personality clashes, clumsy communication and lousy dispute resolution techniques are often why conflicts escalate† (PSO Power Tools       page 1).            In case of traditional view of conflict, the power can resolve the conflict necessarily. By having the power the person in charge can dismiss, suspend demote a particular who is creating the conflicts. By the power, the leader can negotiate with the stakeholders and work for the paramount functioning. The power according to the human relations view, can resolve the conflicts as by having the power, the continuously happening conflicts. The power can suppress the conflicts by eliminating the evil stuff which is originating the conflicts. By power the person in charge can influence his downstream to work by having team-work and coordination. According to the ineractionist view, the conflicts  are cause to decentralize the power. Thus the person having power in an organization has to correct the situation to stabilize the issue. Thus the person can be able to review his state and outcome of the conflicts to build the new strategies for resolving the further difficulties.            The power can enhance the capacity of the organization by keeping watch on every perspective inside organization and suppress the troubling elements. The powerful person in an organization can acquire the position to create the opportunities for the benefit of the organization. The volatility in an organization can be eliminated by using the power. The power has to predict the situation by negotiating effectively with the other beneficial sources and the internal sources within the organization. The complexity is feature which can be reduced by the power either forcefully or by indulging the complex parts or sources in other streams for the fruitfulness of the organization.            The concept of organizational politics defined as the as the exercise or the use of power, with power being defined as a  potential force. More than 90% of respondents said that politics is common in organization. 89% said that successful executives must be good politicians and 76% said that higher one progresses in an organization.            The politics is the key factor for creating the conflicts in an organization. The politics according to the traditional view, the politics is one of the key factors for containing conflicts inside an organization. The political scenario in an organization will create misbehavior in the functioning of an organization. The occurrence of the conflicts is basically many times based on the politics only. According to human relation view, the conflict  can happen in any organization. The structural changes happens, are due to the politics by the members inside an organization. The member causes the politics for stopping other’s growth or for their personal growth also. The interactionist view laid some different idea over the politics in an organization. The politics causes the different circumstances many a times. So the politics causes the fact for an organization to review its strategies  inside an organization.            The politics can degrade as well as enhance the capability of an organization. The politics can cause problem to opponents for better working of the organization. The volatility is the factor which is due to the politics in an organization. For example, if one policy is being implementing in an organization, the politics by someone can revert the position also. Similarly the complexity in the hierarchical structure is also caused by the politics. Due to it, the eligible person get ignored many of the times, which causes the complexity and hence instability.            Thus in an organization the leadership, power and the politics are very important and play a key role in better functioning of it. Reference: 1) Jeffrey Pfeffer, Managing with Power: Politics and Influence in Organizations, Harvard Business School Press .http://books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=pdsu3ilaAoECoi=fndpg=PR7dq=politics+organization+conflictsots=N8vFMYLhfKsig=D9rOGuygpm7kBHXAI63WSbmD4NQ#PPA7,M1 2) Power, Politics, and Conflict, Richard Field on Management and Information Science. http://www.business.ualberta.ca/rfield/Power%20Politics%20and%20Conflict.htm 3) Patty Ohlott, Identity: A New View for Leading in a Diverse World,Identity and Conflict: A Leaders Role, July 2005. http://www.ccl.org/leadership/enewsletter/2005/JULconflict.aspx?pageId=1292 4) PSO Power Tools, Conflict Management 3, April 2003. http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:po8MFHv9z7gJ:www.sportmanitoba.ca/downloads/PT_Conflict_Mgmt.pdf+power+organization+conflicthl=enct=clnkcd=19gl=inclient=firefox-a 5) EH Schein Organizational culture and leadership, 1992. http://www.fcsh.unl.pt/docentes/luisrodrigues/Organizational%20Culture.doc Work-cited: 1) Jeffrey Pfeffer, Managing with Power: Politics and Influence in Organizations, Harvard Business School Press .http://books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=pdsu3ilaAoECoi=fndpg=PR7dq=politics+organization+conflictsots=N8vFMYLhfKsig=D9rOGuygpm7kBHXAI63WSbmD4NQ#PPA7,M1 2) Patty Ohlott, Identity: A New View for Leading in a Diverse World,Identity and Conflict: A Leaders Role, July 2005. http://www.ccl.org/leadership/enewsletter/2005/JULconflict.aspx?pageId=1292 3) PSO Power Tools, Conflict Management 3, April 2003. http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:po8MFHv9z7gJ:www.sportmanitoba.ca/downloads/PT_Conflict_Mgmt.pdf+power+organization+conflicthl=enct=clnkcd=19gl=inclient=firefox-a
Thursday, November 14, 2019
The Wrath of Deceit in Hamlet Essays -- GCSE English Literature Course
The Wrath of Deceit in Hamlet There are many instances in life, where individuals are encouraged to deceive or be dishonest with each other. In a competitive world, people may turn to dishonest means to be successful, especially when the stakes are high. In the world of the Danish court, Hamlet is often a victim of deceit and dishonesty. In turn, this dishonest lifestyle leads Hamlet directly to his ultimate demise. At the beginning of the play, the first act of deception is Old Hamlet's description of his brother's treachery. Secondly, Claudius the master of deception seduces Gertrude; by becoming her husband, he cleverly becomes king. Lastly, it is proven that Hamlet himself is not dishonest or deceitful. Claudius admits this to Laertes as they prepare for the sword fight scheme. Hamlet only uses deceit when he is playing the game. The outcome of the play proves that being deceitful and dishonest with people can have tragic results. The first act of deceitfulness in the game, is the discovery of Claudius' brutal murder of his brother, Old Hamlet. We see this, when Old Hamlet's ghost comes back from the afterlife. Hamlet has a suspicious feeling about the ghost's visitation, "My father's spirit in arms? All is not well. I doubt some foul play, foul deeds will rise." (I, ii, 255-259). We later find out, the spirit of Hamlet’s father has come back to explain the circumstances surrounding his tragic death, " 'tis given out that, sleeping in my orchard, a serpent stung me. So the whole ear of Denmark is by a forged process of my death rankly abused." (1, v, 35-38). Old Hamlet reveals to Hamlet the truth that resulted in his death, "The serpent that did sting thy father's life now wears his crown." (1, v, 3... ...word fight. Hamlet only uses deceit against Claudius to expose him instead of hurting him. In a sense, Claudius’ use of deceit and treachery for his own gain ruined him in the end. Instead of Claudius having a great time as king, he ended up driving Hamlet to kill him. In addition, this proves that the deceitful behavior and lifestyle at court drives Hamlet directly to his ultimate demise. The outcome of the play proves that a dishonest lifestyle can be detrimental. In the real world, people who are dishonest may excel at first but this behavior will eventually harm them in the end. People should try to have more sincere relationships with each other in order to remain successful, and not use negative means to achieve their goals. This is because deceit distorts your perceptions and it may lead you to loosing what you truly value in your life!
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
The Long-Suffering and Self-Pitying Odysseus Essay
What would it take to do Odysseus. the celebrated warrior and the pride of all Greece. call uncontrollably? Surely. he must be put through some kind of utmost physical hurting that no other person could last or possibly he is even forced to watch the awful slaughtering of his companions. But more frequently than non. it is merely mere words and memories. driven on by self-pity. non atrociousnesss committed against his crew. that make Odysseus call. Alternatively of moving as a compassionate leader who grieves for his lost friends. Odysseus calls to indulge his ain sense of sorrow at his jobs. and uses this to derive attending from others. By analyzing Odysseus’ eruptions of heartache. it becomes obvious that his selfishness and pride are at the very bosom of the obstructions he has faced on his journey place. Odysseus calls to fulfill his feelings of solitariness and desperation at being so hated by the Gods. When we foremost encounter Odysseus. he is sitting entirely on Calypso’s island. â€Å"weeping. his eyes ne'er dry. his sweet life fluxing off / with the cryings he wept for his defeated journey home†( 5. 168-169 ) . At this point. Odysseus has been a captive on Calypso’s island for seven old ages. and has an intelligibly forlorn mentality sing his journey place. However. Odysseus spends every dark on the island moving as a lover to the beautiful goddess. whom he even admits is far more lovely and alluring than the married woman he yearns to return to. Though he pines for Penelope. his Acts of the Apostless of changeless unfaithfulness show that his guilt is non plagued by his actions. He is described as being an â€Å"unwilling lover†( 5. 172 ) . but there is no grounds to propose that Odysseus feels he is perpetrating a offense against his married woman. Alternatively. Odysseus is described as being â€Å"no longer pleased†( 5. 170 ) by Calypso. which suggests that at one point Odysseus may hold been really satisfied with his state of affairs. until he became homesick once more. It is an admirable trait that Odysseus so longs to travel place. but his self- commiseration twenty-four hours in and twenty-four hours out is anything but admirable. He seems to be holding his bar and eating it excessively. After seven old ages. he is still wallowing in unhappiness. unable to see that his destiny of being alive and good ( and seduced every night ) is still a much more favourable result than what his crew encountered. His selfishness merely lets him see â€Å"how long I have suffered! †( 7. 181 ) . Odysseus besides uses his cryings to pull strings others into sympathising with him. When Odysseus eventually gets off Calypso’s island. he is beset by still more jobs. He finally finds shelter with Alcinous. the male monarch of Phaeacia. As is the usage. he is the receiver of great cordial reception and is made to experience at place. even though his hosts have no thought who he is. However. one dark after banqueting. the bard Demodocus sings about the struggle between Odysseus and Achilles during the Trojan War. At this point. Odysseus becomes so overwrought and overcome with emotion that he â€Å"hid his face and wept†( 8. 109 ) . The text besides says that he is â€Å"ashamed his hosts might see him casting tears†( 8. 103 ) . but why is he shouting in the first topographic point? The bard is non even singing about all that Odysseus has suffered. and is merely mentioning to his statement with Achilles. which was a prophesied triumph mark. It is really possible that Odysseus is shouting because he wants to be found out. These people evidently adore the Odysseus they know through narratives. so wouldn’t they worship the flesh and blood version if they were of all time to run into him? Alternatively of merely stating. â€Å"I am Odysseus†. he alternatively waits. calls a 2nd clip until his heartache is publically noticed. leting people to experience regretful for him and inquire what would do him so much hurting. This gives Odysseus the perfect chance to state the atrocious narrative of his trip place. which he does. full of the problems that could hold been avoided had Odysseus restrained his pride and selfishness. The shame that Odysseus might experience at openly shouting in forepart of aliens is outweighed by the satisfaction he gets out of stating his narrative. because wretchedness does so love company. Odysseus’s pride besides prevents him from demoing regard towards his work forces. by non minding their advice and by non decently mourning their ill-timed deceases. At Alcinous’ tribunal. Odysseus recounts his experience with the Cyclops. The whole problem with this one eyed monster begins when Odysseus decides to linger in the Cyclops’s cave after eating his nutrient. to see â€Å"what gifts he would give†( 9. 258 ) . Alternatively of welcoming the Achaeans. the monster decides to eat the work forces who had impolitely eaten his nutrient. In sudden daze and horror. Odysseus and his work forces â€Å"wept and cried aloud†( 9. 331 ) . Finally. through a clever program by Odysseus. he and his work forces escape. but about decease once more because of his pride. Teasing back to the Cyclops. Odysseus reveals who he is. which allows the monster to about fall in their ships. and besides to publish a ailment to Poseidon that he should non allow Odysseus return place. Poseidon hears this. and as a consequence. Odysseus and his crew are from so on beset by job after job. Had Odysseus listened to his crew who begged him to go forth the cave before the Cyclops returned and besides to non boast his individuality to the monster. the work forces would hold made it safely place. Even after witnessing the cannibalism of some of his crew. Odysseus is merely â€Å"glad to get away our decease / yet sick at bosom for the companions we had lost†( 9. 630 ) . He does non look to be excessively devastated by everything that has merely happened to him. expletive and all. Possibly it is because he is surrounded by others who portion the same destiny. and aren’t as willing to be every bit sympathetic as a group of aliens hearing the narrative from a legendary hero would be. Odysseus besides tells the narrative of the Laestrygonians. who eat a high figure of Odysseus’ crew. Once once more. Odysseus is â€Å"sick at heart†( 10. 147 ) . but feels small else for his dead friends and does non cry at all for their memory. When his crew begins to mourn for those lost. Odysseus about seems fed up and says â€Å"They explosion into calls. howling. streaming unrecorded cryings / that gained us nil – what good can come of heartache? †( 10. 221 ) . At this point it becomes really obvious that Odysseus merely deems it necessary to shout. when he is the one being wept for. He has no job shouting in forepart of aliens who are unwittingly praising him. he sees nil incorrect with shouting mundane for seven old ages because he is marooned with a beautiful goddess. yet there is something uneconomical about crying for work forces who were viciously killed and eaten. all because he felt the demand to state the Cyclops that he. the great Odysseu s. was the 1 who blinded him. While pride may hold been the ruin of Odysseus. without it he would ne'er hold reached the position of a hero. His pride and desire for glorification were a major drive force behind all his great schemes and war attempts. Without his strong self-esteem. Odysseus would hold alternatively been merely another expendable member of his crew. Yes. the selfishness of the crew is besides evident when they open the bag of air currents and blow the ship off class. but actions like these are to be expected from work forces who are of such low importance in the heroic poem that they are non even named. But from Odysseus. the reader should demand a higher degree of criterions. and expect him to move responsible for the work forces whose lives are entrusted into his attention. When Odysseus does non shout after his work forces are slaughtered and alternatively goes on with his work. it appears that he is merely moving as a strong leader. But when you consider other minutes when he is really weak a nd does shout openly. it is apparent to see that he merely weeps for those deserving crying for. And to Odysseus. the lone one worth casting a tear for is himself. Thesis: Alternatively of moving as a compassionate leader who grieves for his lost friends. Odysseus calls to indulge his ain sense of sorrow at his jobs. and uses this to derive attending from others. By analyzing Odysseus’ eruptions of heartache. it becomes obvious that his selfishness and pride are at the very bosom of the obstructions he has faced on his journey place. Subordinate Ideas: 1. Cries out of ego commiseration and solitariness 2. Cries to pull strings others 3. Does non esteem shipmates a. Does non listen to their advice and suffers the effects B. Does non decently mourn them when they die partially because of his actions 4. Pride and selfishness allow Odysseus to go a hero
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Mediated Modes of Communication and Its Impact to Society
As we bask into the Information Age, human communication is ongoing and transforming to become more interactive and accessible. As we all know, communication is dynamic, ongoing, ever-changing, and continuous. Simple communication entails the message being sent and the receiver perceives and accepts the message. Communication models find their origins in Greek antiquity. Aristotle recognized the speaker, speech, and audience as communication components. Five hundred years before Christ, the Greek philosopher Heraclitus, observed that â€Å"a man (or woman) can never step into the river twice. The man (or woman) is different and so is the river†(Gortner et al. 1997, p. 36). Change and continuity are intertwinedâ€â€as men or women step into the riverâ€â€in a process of actions which flow through the ages. Communication is a process and flows like a stream through time. It is indubitable that technology has brought about gargantuan impacts to the past modes of communication, be it formal and informal. In an era of faxes, computers, and photocopying machines, communication challenges will emerge that are even more complex, demanding, and technical. Moreover, cell phones, e-mail, and telephone answering machines contribute to the narrowing of the gulf between formal and informal communication distinctions. Anthropologists already have researched on the relationship of conventional forms of verbal interaction and those mediated by new technologies such as the Internet, satellite transmissions, and cell phones. Crystal (2001) had revealed that the Internet constituted a new frontier in human social interaction on par with the inventions of the telephone and telegraph, and even print and broadcast technologies. Scholars of language use, language change, and ideologies of language must surely explore and interrogate the effects of these technologies on traditional modes of communication, the impact of our new capacity to communicate instantly anywhere in the world, and the meaning of language contact as it is taking place in cyberspace. Most of these technologies, notwithstanding constant new advances in computer-mediated graphics, are text or voice based. Thus, â€Å"if the Internet is a revolution, therefore, it is likely to be a linguistic revolution†(Crystal 2001, p. viii). Many observers allege that the Internet is changing society. Perhaps not surprisingly, given the novelty of the new digital media, there is little agreement about what those changes are. It is believed that it is important for sociologists to address these issues for three reasons. First, the medium’s rapid growth offers a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for scholars to test theories of technology diffusion and media effects during the early stages of a new medium's diffusion and institutionalization. Second, the Internet is unique because it integrates both different modalities of communication (reciprocal interaction, broadcasting, individual reference-searching, group discussion, person/machine interaction) and different kinds of content (text, video, visual images, audio) in a single medium. This versatility renders plausible claims that the technology w ill be implicated in many kinds of social change, perhaps more deeply than television or radio. Finally, choices are being made–systems developed, money invested, laws passed, regulations promulgated–that will shape the system's technical and normative structure for decades to come. Many of these choices are based on behavioral assumptions about how people and the Internet interact (Dimaggio, Hargittai, Neuman & Robinson, 2001, p. 307). As these technological innovations are revolutionizing information and entertainment delivery, these technology-mediated modes of communication have affected the transformation of people’s social lives and behaviors, even political institutions and the role of citizens within them. As people argue that the new technology of short messaging system (SMS), email, online discussions, on-demand information, and web-powered information diffusion and interest aggregation will lead to a more informed, engaged, and influential mass public. With this, will we live in a better informed and connected, more engaged and participatory societyâ€â€or in a society of lonely ex-couch potatoes glued to computer screens, whose human contacts are largely impersonal and whose political beliefs are easily manipulated, relying on the icons of a wired or wireless society? Fact is that, Erbring and Lutz (2005) have indicated that when people spend more time using the Internet, the more they lose contact with their social environment. They cited a study that this effect is noticeable even with people using just 2-5 Internet hours per week; and it rises substantially for those spending more than 10 hours per week, of whom up to 15 percent report a decrease in social activities. Even more striking is the fact that Internet users spend much less time talking on the phone to friends and family: the percentage reporting a decrease exceeds 25 percentâ€â€although it is unclear to what extent this represents a shift to email even in communicating with friends and family or a technical bottleneck due to a single phone line being pre-empted by Internet use. Because of the accessibility of the new modes of communication, people have used these as tools to avoid confrontation that is emphasized in face-to-face communication. In fact, in UAE and in Malaysia, cell phones have been used to end marriages by SMS-ing â€Å"Talaq, Talaq, Talaq†(â€Å"Divorce, Divorce, Divorce†). But then, this is not the first time technology has been used in officially terminating a relationship. Earlier, it was telephonic, postal and telegram divorces; now there are divorce via e-mail and SMS. Technology has changed the way people are courting, getting married and yes, also the way they are separating. â€Å"If people are meeting and dating on the Internet, why not divorces?†says Anuradha Pratap, principal of Al-Ameen Management College in Bangalore, India. â€Å"If weddings can take place using technology, why not divorce?†asked Ayesha Banu, a Bangalore resident. â€Å"There were telephone weddings nearly two decades ago. It’s only the technology that has changed, everything else has remained the same†(Kiran, 2 June 2003). On the other hand, Halliday (1990) noted that â€Å"when new demands are made on language †¦ [and when] we are making language work for us in ways it never had to do before, it will have to become a different language in order to cope†(p. 82). It is arguable that technology-based media present new demands which have the potential of promoting variations in language use Perhaps, the demands are not novel in itself, but it is rather the blurring, the amalgamation, of previous demands which may result in linguistic variations. Take, for instance, computer communication systems which have placed demands, often associated with spoken language, on the production of written language. This reassignment is most observable in synchronous computer-mediated communication such as MOOs (MUD Object Oriented), MUDs (Multi-User Domain), and Chat. While the language takes on a written form, it is constrained by temporal limitations which require immediate responses. Conversely, this type of synchronous communication, which can be considered an essentially oral language (Collot & Belmore, 1996), is also constrained by norms  including spelling and grammar norms  most often associated with written language. For example in SMS, people usually shorten their message to hasten the process. Like sending the message â€Å"Are you going to the party tonight?†would be shortened to â€Å"R U GOING 2 THE PARTY TONYT?†Indeed, grammar and spelling would be gravely affected, just to facilitate the convenience of a faster communication process. However, from a perspective of language change multimodal forms of communication, such as emails, text messages and chat rooms, are essentially new forms of communication. As used here the term ‘multimodal' refers to the way that texts use devices from a range of different communication systems at the same time. So, for example, you can send an email message to six of your friends simultaneously; previously you could only do this through speaking to them as a group. In other words writing takes on a characteristic which once belonged to speech only (Beard, 2004, p. 44). Emails are usually message exchanges between a pair of named individuals communicating on a single issue, chat-groups usually involve several people: they can be anonymous or use a pseudonym; their communication can be of an indefinite length; and they can cover a wide range of topics. Crystal (2001) uses the term ‘asynchronous' to describe groups where ‘postings' are placed on ‘boards' and ‘synchronous' to describe groups who ‘chat' in real time. The terms 'email' and ‘text message' both suggest a written form, but the terms ‘chat-room/ chat-group' suggest a form of talk; a form of talk – chat – that is traditionally seen as social rather than serious in its content. Although the terminology that labels new communication genres draws upon the traditional binary opposites of speaking/writing (mail/ chat), it is not very helpful to see such texts as products of these opposites. Instead each of the genres has its own unique methods of communication, and then each of the texts produced within the genre has its own specific context. So, for example, the idea of turn-taking, which is crucial to many kinds of vocalized talk, is achieved in very different ways in chat-groups. The acts of reading, thinking, replying and sending the reply, which is not necessarily received instantly, is being undertaken by each of the participants at the same time. This inevitably leads to a dislocation of the exchange in a way that does not happen with emails and text messages. Yet, participants within the process are well able to manage this complicated exercise in pragmatics. Another aspect of pragmatics involves the fact that whereas in face-to-face group conversation your presence is still registered, even if you are silent, this is more problematic in chat-groups. As Crystal (2001) notes: â€Å"in chatgroups silence is ambiguous: it may reflect a deliberate withholding, a temporary inattention, or a physical absence (without signing off)†. Indeed, technology is crucial in the development of the information highway that would link every home to a fiber-optic network over which voice, data, television, and other services would be transmitted. The internet’s architecture is determined by an informal group of U.S.-based software and computer engineers. The internet’s global scope and electronic commerce’s growth make its management an international policy issue. Analysts and government believe a hands-off approach is best (Cukier 1998, p. 39-41). People and organizations determine the course of the future, not computers. As a form of communication, the internet can be used by individuals, private corporations, and government agencies for good or bad, but it cannot influence the direction our society chooses to take. The internet only reflects the society that created it. The development and use of the telegraph and telephone provide a definitive pattern for how the newest form of networked communication, the internet, will be used in the future (Nye, Fall 1997). The lack of accountability and civility have increased as the anonymity in U.S. society has increased, states newspaper columnist Ellen Goodman. She cites the anonymous zones of talk radio and cyberspace among the fox holes for people who want to say anything and everything with impunity (Goodman, 5 September 1996). Despite the downside of the information highway, internet access has made communication between local government and citizens much easier nationwide. Public records access, personnel postings, permit applications, and legislative updates are available online in dozens of cities and counties (Bowser January 1998, p. 36). The technology of the internet may afford the masses access to much more information and many more options. So, internet technology is neither evil nor good. â€Å"Thanks to the internet and satellite TV, the world is being wired together technologically, but not socially, politically, or culturally,†concluded New York Times columnist Thomas L. Friedman (12 May 2001). â€Å"We are now seeing and hearing one another faster and better, but with no corresponding improvement in our ability to learn from, or understand, one another. So integration, at this stage, is producing more anger than anything else.†The new modes of communication educate people faster than any previous technology the world has known. However, the internet can just as easily infiltrate the minds of millions with lies, half-truths, and hatreds. Friedman (12 May 2001) deemed that â€Å"the internet, at its ugliest, is just an open sewer: an electronic conduit for untreated, unfiltered information.†The internet and satellite TV may inflame emotions and cultural biases, resulting in less understanding and tolerance. Government programs are built on political consensus. Legislation is enacted for the long term. Compromises are based on education, exchanges, diplomacy, and human interaction. However, due to the lack of face-to-face context and the lack of interactional coherence in e-mail and SMS, people need to be more explicit and concise in order to make their message as well as the purpose transparent to their audience, especially in initiated, not responsive, messages. If the message is not explicit enough, the receiver may not be able to provide an optimal response, or the message may turn into a lengthy sequenced exchange before a desired response is obtained. Thus, language use and structure are greatly affected but the intention remains the same. With the fear of the deterioration of language through these new technologies, it is only right that people should still be educated appropriately with regards to the correct structure and use language, so that they will not be confused when they utilize the normal modes of communication. Technology should enhance how society behaves and interact and not the other way around. Works Cited Beard, Adrian. Language Change. London: Routledge, 2004. Bowser, Brandi. Opening the Window to Online Democracy: www.localgovernment. com, American City & County 113.1 (January 1998): 36–38. Collot, M. and N. Belmore . Electronic Language: A New Variety of English. In S. C. Herring (Ed.), Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural Perspectives (pp. 13-28). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1996. Crystal, David. Language and the Internet. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001. Cukier, Kenneth. Who Runs the Internet? World Press Review, 45.5 (May 1998): 39–41. Dimaggio, Paul, Eszter Hargittai, W. Russell Neuman, and John P. Robinson. Social Implications of the Internet. Annual Review of Sociology (2001): 307. Friedman, Thomas L. Global Village Idiocy, The New York Times, (May 12, 2002). Goodman, Ellen. Anonymity Breeds Incivility, Boston Globe, (September 5, 1996):17A. Gortner, Harold F., Julianne Mahler, and Jeanne Bell Nicholson, Organization Theory: A Public Perspective, 2nd ed. (Fort Worth, Tex.: Harcourt Brace, 1997), pp. 135–141. Halliday, M. A. K. Spoken and Written Language. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1990. Kiran, Jyothi. SMS Divorces, Women’s Feature Service. (June 2, 2003). Nie, Norman H. and Erbring, Lutz. â€Å"Internet Use Decreases Social Interaction.†The Internet. Ed. James D. Torr. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2005. Nye, David E. Shaping Communication Networks: Telegraph, Telephone, Computer, Social Research, 64.3 (Fall 1997): 1067–1092.
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Gattaca Essay Example
Gattaca Essay Example Gattaca Paper Gattaca Paper The propaganda Is employed by the Party to hide the shortcomings and failures of the Party by transforming them into military successes. Remember our boys on the Malabar front! And the sailors in the Floating Fortresses! Just think what they have to put up with. Rowels time with the BBC can be seen as a major influence on his opinions on propaganda. During this time, the BBC spread false hate propaganda and relentlessly censored the news of the despicable polices that the Allied forces employed In German clues, of which including bombings and genocide. This censorship could be a major Influence in Rowels 1984 as correlations can be drawn between the two events. Also, individual ND intellectual thought is crushed by technology such as the telecasters due to the fact that any discordance will be captured by the telecasters and ultimately be crushed by the Thought Police. The individuals in the society are also physically oppressed by the Party. A persons own nervous system is his own worst enemy. This suggests that the Thought Police continually watches for any physical signs of disloyalty and are able to arrest anyone due to the slightest twitch of the face. The oppressive force of technology manifests itself in various characters throughout the text. Individuals like Parson are described as a beetle-like man with a flat face and tiny, suspicious eyes comparing him with the automatic and selfless nature of insects. In this way, it is clear to see that the individuality of the citizens have been completely suppressed by technology. Eve to her Daughters is a 1966 poem by Judith Wright which illustrates a utopia as expressed in a male-driven society. It depicts the fall of men, and Dams attempts to create a new utopia on Earth. The poem parodies the arrogant and pretentious world generated by technology, pioneered by a power-hungry, patriarchal society through satire. The second stanza highlights the flawed intrinsic nature of men He had discovered a flaw In himself and he had to make up for It, displaying the male ego of Adam. He attempts to create an tart n Tanat would match ten Garden AT tone Day embracing the effect of technology, The Earth must be made a new Eden with central heating Mechanical harvesters Combustion engines. However the natural beauty of the Garden of Eden, which was considered the religious Utopia by people belonging to the Christian faith, was replaced by a far from perfect place, a superficial, male-driven society created through the plight of Adam. : The values and ideas expressed in the poem are predominantly influenced by the political context of the poem. The Cold War was a period of tension, conflict and competition between the USA and the USSR and their allies from the mid sasss to the sass directly after the Second World War. The poem was written in 1966, at a time when the Cold War was reaching tremendous heights. Wright satirized this by representing Adam as a metaphor for both USA and USSR. Dams attempts on improving the technology on Earth can be interpreted as the respective spending of both USSR and USA in their light to surpass each other technologically and become the dominant superpower of the world. In this way, the idea of technology playing an essential part in dyspepsia fiction can be clearly seen in this text. Cattle is a science fiction film, directed by Andrew Niccole in 1997, which illustrates a dark vision of the future where society has become reliant on technology and genetic research. The use of technology as a tool of oppression permeates throughout all dyspepsia texts and most importantly in Cattle. The film forecasts society where parents are encouraged to decide the emetic makeup of their offspring before birth and individuals, who have not been genetically enhanced, suffer discrimination in all aspects of life. In this way, the society of Cattle attempts to eradicate undesirable traits seeks perfection in its individuals by providing each human with the best genetic makeup. This idea is seen continuously throughout the film. Vincent, an enhanced child is perpetually exposed to severe discrimination. Vincent observes a new class structure has arisen, not based on social status but on genetic makeup, known as genomes. These embers of the society are usually referred to as faith births, defectives, God children, or officially, in-valid. Though it is illegal to discriminate by means of genetic profile, the obstacles encountered by the invalids are clearly seen throughout the film. One particular scene which demonstrates this discrimination is where Vincent is rejected from schools as the school cannot afford the high insurance rates required to cover an in-valid child. The severe effects of this are seen by the close-up shot of the gate, shutting out Vincent face, symbolizing a Jail, where the rights of Vincent is restricted. Also the opening credits of the film highlights the letters G, A, T and C, symbolizing the four DNA bases, Adenosine, Guanidine, Thymine and Cytosine. This highlighting technique establishes in the beginning of the film that the letters belonging to the genetic code is more powerful than the other letters of the alphabet. The film also contains several close-up shots of blood, skin and hair, which alludes to that fact that the society of Cattle emphasizes the importance of genetic material, but also the fact that human beings are valued less than their DNA. The costuming in CATTLE also suggests a society dominated by uniformity, with all he employees of the corporation, wearing matching black suits, thus displaying the lack of individuality. In this way, Cattle expresses a world depicting the devastating power of technology which represses the individual. 1984 by George Orwell depicts a plectrum AT a totalitarian society winner ten Party NAS sleaze solute control over Its citizens, where the individual has been entirely isolated from their own individuality, and the human spirit has been completely crushed. The ideas in 1984 are predominantly influenced by Rowels negative view towards Fascism. Orwell was the staunch advocate of Democratic Socialism. Orwell believed capitalism was corrupt, but fascism would be calamitous. In 1984 the Party has seized absolute control over its citizens by means of suppressing individual thought. The belief in the inner spirit of men is the only conviction that Winston has, for that the Party cannot survive forever. He asserts that the probes, who have not killed off their loyalties, will overthrow the Party and the spirit of Men will eventually break free and eradicate this oppression. The Party is able to corrupt and suppress every vestige of human nature through their control of language their use of the repressive power genealogy. Through the control of the past, doublethink and telecasters that constantly bombard the citizens with propaganda; the party is able to isolate individuals from their individuality and of those around them. One specific character who acts as an impeccable example of the suppression of human nature is Winston wife, Katherine, who refuses but more importantly her inability to enjoy sex, highlighting the level to which individuals has been isolated from other individuals. Katherine sees sex as a duty to the Party and showing her absolute loyalty to no one, only Big Brother. OBrien provides Winston with a savage image of the future. If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face forever. Winston belief in the human spirit is eventually crushed by OBrien when he sees what he himself has become after an unknown time of torture, a shriveled, balding wreck. OBrien mocks him and calls Winston the guardian of the human spirit. In this way Winston finally has understood that he is nothing in the Partys perpetual search of power. 984 attempts to convey a dyspepsia where the human spirit has been completely crushed, where the individual has no power against the oppression and a world which offers no hope for the future. Eve to her Daughters attempts to warn its audience that submission to a dyspepsia will lead to oppression and ultimately the loss of human spirit. As a post-modernist poet, Wright adapts the characters of Adam and Eve from the Book of Genesis and parodies the arrogant world created by a power-hungry and patriarchal society. It depicts the plight of Adam to create a male-driven Utopia on Earth. However this Utopia was created at the expense of Eve, conveying the idea that the notion of Utopia is endless but entirely subjective. Second-wave feminism refers to a period of enemies activity which began during the late sasss and lasted through the late sasss. Where first-wave feminism focused on overturning legal obstacles to equality, the second-wave feminism addressed unofficial inequalities. The movement encouraged women to understand the psychological implications of sexist stereotypes, and to make them realize that they could achieve more in life than being identified as a housewife. The poem completed during the second wave of the feminist movement, attempts to reject the patriarchal values of the society by subverting the long established, male-generated belief that Eve tempted Adam into eating the forbidden apple, through the defiant opening It was not I who began it. I en second stanza relentless tons Idea He even compliance AT my cooking I en use of both the second and third person voice reinforces the arrogance Adam muff see, he was always an egotist. The narrator also calls on the women of general to challenge this Utopia, created by men and should not suffer under the expense of it as seen by the line l would suggest, for the sake of the children, that its time you took over. The poem, unlike Orwell in 1984, who creates a world in which the Spirit f Man is completely defeated, attempts to convey the idea that submission is not the answer, and freedom from this dyspepsia can be achieved if you challenge these patriarchal beliefs and not let its oppressive nature crush your human spirit. Cattle attempts to deliver a stark message, not condemning the power of technology, but rather the problems that will arise if humans believe that they are nothing more than their genes. The issue of genetic discrimination in the film is largely influenced by the initiation of the Human Genome Project. This was an international scientific research project conducted to understand the genetic makeup f human species. Many scientists and scholars rej ected this form of genetic sequencing as they believe this will only exacerbate the already social disparities present in the society. The film portrays the struggles of Vincent, who challenges the belief that the genes of a human determine their potential. Throughout the course of the film, Vincent avoids excels physically and socially despite his imperfect genetic profile. The film attempts to express the fact that in a genetically perfect world, the human spirit is lost. This human spirit and inner strength are lacking in individuals, such as Vincent brother, who, engineered with no flaws and is genetically superior to Vincent, has nothing to overcome and thus bears no motivation to confront the problems of a specific environment. In this way, he feels no need to improve himself. This is seen in the tagging of the film there is no gene for the human spirit. Niccole attempts to portray that the human spirit should be valued over genes and technology through a range of techniques. The staircase, shaped like in the form of a DNA strand acts as a visual metaphor for Eugene Morrows inability to live up to his potential despite his genetic profile. The film is also shot using color filters.
Tuesday, November 5, 2019
Roman Republics 3 Branches of Government
Roman Republic's 3 Branches of Government From the Founding of Rome in c. 753 B.C. to c. 509 B.C., it was a monarchy, ruled by kings. In 509 (possibly), the Romans expelled their Etruscan kings and established the Roman Republic. Having witnessed the problems of the monarchy on their own land, and aristocracy and democracy among the Greeks, the Romans opted for a mixed form of government, with 3 branches. Consuls - the Monarchical Branch Two magistrates called consuls carried on the functions of the former kings, holding supreme civil and military authority in Republican Rome. However, unlike the kings, the office of consul lasted for only one year. At the end of their year in office, the ex-consuls became senators for life, unless ousted by the censors. Powers of the Consuls: Consuls held imperium and had the right to 12 lictors each.Each consul could veto the other.They led the army,Served as judges, andRepresented Rome in foreign affairs.Consuls presided over the comitia centuriata. Consulship Safeguards The 1-year term, veto, and co-consulship were safeguards to prevent one of the consuls from wielding too much power. Emergency Contingency: In times of war a single dictator could be appointed for a 6-month term. Senate - the Aristocratic Branch Senate (senatus council of elders, related to the word senior) was the advisory branch of the Roman government, early on composed of about 300 citizens who served for life. They were chosen by the kings, at first, then by the consuls, and by the end of the 4th century, by the censors. The ranks of the Senate, drawn from ex-consuls and other officers. Property requirements changed with the era. At first, senators were only patricians but in time plebeians joined their ranks. Assembly - the Democratic Branch The Assembly of Centuries (comitia centuriata), which was composed of all members of the army, elected consuls annually. The Assembly of Tribes (comitia tributa), composed of all citizens, approved or rejected laws and decided issues of war and peace. Dictators Sometimes dictators were at the head of the Roman Republic. Between 501-202 B.C. there were 85 such appointments. Normally, dictators served for 6 months and acted with the consent of the Senate. They were appointed by the consul or a military tribune with consular powers. The occasions of their appointment included war, sedition, pestilence, and sometimes for religious reasons. Dictator for Life Sulla was appointed dictator for an undefined period and was dictator until he stepped down, but Julius Caesar was officially appointed dictator in perpetuo meaning that there was no set end point to his dominance. References Religious Dictators of the Roman RepublicArthur KaplanThe Classical World, Vol. 67, No. 3 (Dec. 1973 - Jan. 1974), pp. 172-175Pennells History of Rome
Sunday, November 3, 2019
How Professing Bible Believing Evangelical Christians View their Thesis Proposal
How Professing Bible Believing Evangelical Christians View their Responsibility to the Great Commission - Thesis Proposal Example Once that has been established, the reasons that the Great Commission has been largely abandoned will be explored in order to seek answers to the reasons that Christians are no longer as vigilant about attending the mandates that would define their personal ministries. One of the important messages that Mathew gave to the followers of Christ was that they should go forth and spread the message of the sacrifice that Christ made for the world.1 In creating and participating in missionary work, the followers of Christ would support the message of love and forgiveness and spread the message that salvation was available through belief. Culpepper writes â€Å"The Great Commission comes to us from the context of a caring community of faith†.2 Missionary work is more than just spreading the message of salvation. It is a method of showing what the love of Christ means and serving the world so that suffering can come to an end. Missionary work is intended to motivate people to think about the world and their culture, putting Christian beliefs into context with how change will make a difference in their lives. This is done by preaching, by witnessing, and by showing the light of Christian care for the troubles of the world. Where many religions tried to make people believe that their suffering was intended by their god or gods, Christians intend to show others that their burdens can be lifted through God. Much of this is through service to the suffering.3 The fact remains, however, that there has not been a continuation of increased numbers, suggesting that the mandate to continue the spread of Christianity has met with less effort. The purpose of this study is to find reasons and excuses that are being used by Christians for not putting significant effort into missionary work. Through an examination of the literature associated to the question, the topic will be explored and examined in order to find answers to the questions that have been put
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