The assigned reading is based on a review of Latin America Free Essays

The appointed perusing depends on a survey of Latin America’s Banking framework and how it has had the option to develop over the timeframe because of strategies which have profoundly changed the serious scene for the banks in the locale. The author has contended that the because of decline in loan costs, expanded developments of long haul liabilities just as reasonable financial and money related strategies, the financial arrangement of Latin America has extraordinarily profited and is adding to the general development of the Region. The article refers to the case of Chile as a model for change in the locale through embracing increasingly vigorous and adaptable financial arrangements. We will compose a custom paper test on The doled out perusing depends on an audit of Latin America or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The article likewise talks about a portion of the suggestions for the nearby banks in the locale additionally as an ever increasing number of universal banks are making passage into the market. This wonder isn't just making rivalry harder yet in addition driving neighborhood banks to be the objective of the constrained takeovers. Three Questions What the article anyway neglected to represent is the reality the Brazil is the most advancing nation in the district in any case; its financial part is still under the Government control and is to a great extent protected[1] and have demonstrated significant development thusly the suppositions of the essayist that the Latin America’s banking area has indicated development due to less government mediation may not be worthy? (South American Business Information , 2001). Further, the vital decisions offered to the nearby banks must be accomplished in long haul along these lines protect themselves in short run, such neighborhood banks may require government insurance to additionally permit them to develop in size in this manner the vital goals offered by the essayist may not be entirely functional? The article has additionally talked about the chance of cross-outskirt move of best practices because of similitudes in culture anyway it neglected to disregard the political and administrative scene of the locale? Catalog 1.â â â â â South American Business Information . (2001). Brazil: Banking part has great execution. Recovered Feb 18, 2009, from www.allbusiness.com: http://www.allbusiness.com/banking-fund/banking-account review/9709591-1.html [1] Brazil’s banking division has seen solidification which was generally neighborhood in nature as nearby banks converged with one another. The most effective method to refer to The allocated perusing depends on a survey of Latin America, Papers

Man For All Seasons Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Man For All Seasons Argumentative Essay In this play there are individuals who are against Thomas More. The individuals againsthim are the individuals who mistreated him. Cromwell was one of the pioneers of thepeople who abused Thomas More. Cromwell said When the ruler wantssomething done, I do it. I think Cromwell said this since he didn't wanthis head to be cut off so everything he did was kiss up to the ruler. The creator saidMore is a man of a heavenly attendants mind. what's more, a period requireth a man of marvelousmirth and distractions; and once in a while of as pitiful gravity: a man for all seasons. Itruly accept this is reality. One of the men was Rich, a befuddled youthful manwho needed to have influence. He said yet every man has his cost. .. in moneytoo, or joy, titles, ladies, blocks and-mortat, theres alwayssomething. The individuals Thomas More connected with to me were customary individuals. I think the common individuals were Thomas More, his family, and a couple otherfriends. First they thought he was making the best choice by following his truebelieves, however then they attempted to persuade him to stop since he had alreadymade his point about the law and his religion. Jolt described him as a manas a man who would never surrender until his promise had gotten across to the foolishpeople. This would have worked for More if the remainder of the divisions even themembers of the congregation had stayed with him. Be that as it may, just the silly deteriorate ofit, barring More. Truly what might you do? Carve an incredible street through the lawto pursue the fiend? This is the thing that More said. I think this shows Moreis not the same as the individuals against him. In Mores final words he said toMargaret in issues of inner voice the devoted subject is bound to beloyal to his still, small voice than to some other thing. As I would like to think More is asaint in light of the fact that he never let go of his convictions in the law and his confidence.

Dangers of Drug Use When Breastfeeding

Dangers of Drug Use When Breastfeeding Addiction Drug Use Print Dangers of Drug Use When Breastfeeding By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Meredith Shur, MD on December 04, 2014 Meredith Shur, MD, FACOG, is board-certified in obstetrics and gynecology, as well as a certified medical examiner. Learn about our Medical Review Board Meredith Shur, MD Updated on September 20, 2019 WANDER WOMEN COLLECTIVE / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In general, breastfeeding is considered to be the best way to feed your baby during their first year of life. However, if you need to take medications or have an addiction to substances like recreational drugs or alcohol, you could harm your body. Its important to be upfront with your doctor with what medications or substances you use.  Your physician can help you decide what to do. Factors to Consider Before prescribing a medication, your doctor will consider:How much of the drug is excreted in your breast milkThe risk of short and longterm adverse (harmful) effects on your baby Drug Excretion in Breast Milk and Your Babys Exposure How much of the drug is excreted in your breast milk depends on the characteristics of the drug and how it enters your breast milk from your blood plasma. The milk-to-plasma drug concentration ratio relates to the proportion of the drug that is in your breast milk. However, this ratio varies over time, so it is not an absolute measure. Also, other factors affect how much of the drug is in an individuals breast milk. The actual level of exposure of the drug to the baby can be estimated by assuming the baby will drink a specific amount of milk per day, although, in reality, this varies. This is compared with the therapeutic dose of the drug, and the rate of clearance of the drug by the baby is also taken into accountâ€"the lower the level of clearance, the higher the babys exposure to the drug. For most drugs, it is not known at what level a dose will produce no effects on the baby. Therefore, a level of 10 percent of the therapeutic dose for infants (or the equivalent dose for adults, adjusted by body weight) is used. If the baby receives a dosage of less than 10% the drug exposure is generally be considered to be unimportant (although there are exceptions). Obviously, these calculations become a lot more difficult if you are using street drugs  because the concentrations of active ingredients are largely unknown. But your physician will be able to discuss the best course of action for you and your baby, including a safe plan for reducing and coming off drugs. There is more information on street drugs as well as legal and prescription drugs below. LactMed Data on Drugs and Chemicals in Breast Milk Research on the risk of harmful effects on infants from drugs in breast milk is sparse. It would be unethical to conduct a controlled study that might put a baby at risk by deliberately giving a breastfeeding mother drugs. However, there is some research available on babies whose mothers were already taking drugs while breastfeeding. The U.S. National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health maintains a LactMed database on the most current information on adverse effects of drugs in breast milk. You can search their database for any drug or substance. A peer review panel scrutinizes the data. Here is what LactMed reports on the research of some common drugs in breast milk and their risks. Which Medications Are Safe to Take While Breastfeeding? Cocaine Cocaine and its breakdown products pass from the mother into the breast milk and babies are very sensitive to these substances. Babies exposed to cocaine through breast milk may experience extreme irritability, tremulousness, vomiting, and diarrhea. Marijuana/Cannabis Using marijuana and cannabis products when  breastfeeding  brings concerns that the neurotransmitter effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) can affect the childs nervous system. One long-term study found that frequent use (daily or nearly daily) may cause delays in motor development. The effects of THC on the mother may impair her judgment and ability to care for the infant. Marijuana Use When Breastfeeding Methadone Methadone can cause sedation, respiratory depression, and  withdrawal  in babies who ingest it through breast milk. At higher doses, this is enough to cause death. However, some reports suggest that up to 20 milligrams per day may be taken by the mother while breastfeeding, while others suggest up to 80 milligrams per day. Methadone concentrations should be monitored in both the mothers breast milk and the babys blood if the mother is taking more than 20 milligrams of methadone a day. Buprenorphine has been suggested as a safer alternative. Alcohol Drinking alcohol while breastfeeding is not recommended. If you have successfully abstained from alcohol while pregnant, dont start drinking again while breastfeeding. If you have consumed alcohol during pregnancy, your child is at risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), so talk to your doctor as soon as possible about referring your child for early intervention, which may help your child with learning and development. Can You Drink Alcohol if Youre Breastfeeding? Research shows that babies nursed after the mother has had one or two drinks may  have agitation, poor sleep patterns, and  reduced milk intake, and the mother may have reduced milk ejection. Having one glass of wine or beer per day and waiting 2 to 2.5 hours before nursing is believed to be unlikely to cause problems. In general, alcohol is harmful to the brains and bodies of people regardless of their age, so bear this in mind and act responsibly. Painkillers There are many painkillers on the market, ranging from over-the-counter medications to prescription drugs. Some are known to increase the risk of neurobehavioral depression in babies exposed through breastmilk. Talk to your physician about the safest alternatives for you, and consider non-drug alternatives to pain relief, at least while breastfeeding. Caffeine Caffeine is one of our most widely accepted drugs, so little is written about the effects on babies. However, research says it appears in the breast milk soon after the mother drinks it. For high caffeine intake, infants have increased irritability and poor sleep patterns. LactMed says that experts recommend mothers limit themselves to 300 milligrams of caffeine per day. The caffeine content of drinks varies, so this may be as little as two to three cups of brewed coffee. Also take into account sodas, ice tea, and other sources. Nicotine and Smoking If you are smoking around your baby, you are increasing your babys  risk of conditions such as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and asthma, regardless of whether you are breastfeeding. Quitting smoking is strongly advisable. However, using nicotine patches and other such replacements also delivers nicotine to the baby through breast milk, and it is the nicotine that is thought responsible for the SIDS risk. Instead, Bupropion is believed to be safe, or the mother could stop smoking without medication. Final Thoughts Remember, the current recommendation is to breastfeed to provide your baby with the best possible start in life. But be honest with yourself about whether it will really provide the best start. Discuss your alcohol and drug use in detail with your doctor, and follow their advice to the letter, especially regarding detox.

Essay about Epic Conventions Applied in The Faerie Queene

Throughout the centuries, writing an epic is considered as the major qualification of being master poet for the European writers and many writers attempt to give an example in this genre along their life time. Unfortunately, big portion of such writers fail and burry in the dusty shelves of the literature whereas some other writers’ life time could not be long enough to complete â€Å"such divine duty that puts on the poets’ shoulders. (Sydney 47).Especially, when we look through the English literature, till the first existence of the national epic works, English writers feel the lack of epic writer figure such as Homer of Greeks, or Virgil of Latins in their literature and this obligates them to focus on writing in epic genre and this need†¦show more content†¦Throughout the paper, Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms is going to be used as main source to determine the conventions of epic poetry and applying them in the poem. According to the Dictionary, an ep ic poem has to have some specific characteristics and has to carry eleven significant features which five of them is related to the content and the six is related to the text. One of the most prominent characteristic of the eleven is; the main issue or the plot of the epic has to deal with a main character who is called, epic hero and his/her journey that focused on exploit deeds in which the hero’s success or failure will determine the fate of that people or nation that can be found in the core of the plot of The Faerie Queene. In each book there is an epic hero who is sending for a quest by Faerie Queene, Gloriana for twelve days. Along twelve books, we confront the adventures of such heroes, for instance in the Book I, a knight who is called as Knight of Red Crosse is sent to rescue Una’s parents from a fearful dragon as well as he has to defeat theological error whereas the result of the quest determines the future of Una’s parents. In the Book II, Sir Guyon sent to destroy the fleshly temptations of Acrasia. In the Book III, a female knight who named Britomart, disguised as a male, sent for aShow MoreRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagessignificance of the work’s theme? Is it topical or universal in its application? SYMBOL AND ALLEGORY A symbol, according to Webster’s Dictionary, is â€Å"something that stands for or suggests something else by reason of relationship, association, convention, or accidental resemblance†¦a visible sign of something invisible†. Symbols, in this sense, are with us all the time, for there are few words or objects that do not evoke, at least in certain contexts, a wide range of associated meanings and feelings

The Discovery Of The Americas - 1754 Words

The discovery of the Americas has impacted the events of world history since Columbus attempted to sail to India in 1492. This voyage would spark a hunger amongst European powers for land and natural resources. It would also allow for religious ideas and scientific discoveries to spread outside of Europe into far and distant lands that had no knowledge of something like Christianity. The discovery of the Americas also impacted countries that had nothing to do with the actual discovery of the Americas. Those countries uninvolved in the discovery were impacted by the goods brought back from America. These goods along with the discovery of the Americas would fuel the world trade machine for the next few centuries. The discovery of the†¦show more content†¦(Tignor, 543) Jesuits saw the discovery of the Americas as a chance to further spread their religion to people who would have never known about Christianity. However, the Jesuits were interested in scientific ideas as well as religion spreading so the Jesuits, while destroying native religious symbols for Christian ones, recorded and stored information on the native’s language and demographics. (Tignor, 543) Specifically, French Jesuits recorded dictionaries and grammar accounts of the Iroquoian language. (Tignor, 544) Jesuits would have seen the discovery of the Americas as a positive thing because it allowed them to spread religion and write and record information that would have been written into European languages. Nevertheless, some Christian missionaries, including the Jesuits, saw the Americas and specifically the natives as a problem because the natives would never fully convert to Christianity, but the natives would instead mix native spirituality with Christianity and God so Christianity was not a replacement, but rather an additive to native religions. (Tignor, 544) Another problem faced by the Jesuits was the natives’ custom of assimilating captive groups into their societies so some European colonists ended up adopting native dress and culture and these Europeans did notShow MoreRelatedDiscovery of America6704 Words   |  27 PagesColumbus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Discovery of the Americas and Discovery of America redirect here. For other uses, see Discovery of the Americas (disambiguation). Voyages of Christopher Columbus | The Four Voyages of Columbus | Participants | Christopher Columbus and crew | Location | Americas | Date | Between 1492 and 1506 | Result | European exploration of the Americas | In the early modern period, the voyages of Columbus initiated EuropeanRead MoreThe Discovery Of North America997 Words   |  4 PagesThe discovery of North America sparked a new era of exploration, expansion, and colonization. Many European countries took the opportunity to develop a new territory where they could prosper financially and benefit their home country as much as possible. The trip overseas was strenuous, as was maintaining positive relationships with Native Americans and running a successful colony. Although all European countries who showed interest in establishing territories in the Americas had their own reasonsRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Americas By Christopher Columbus962 Words   |  4 PagesThe discovery of the Americas by the European explorer Christopher Columbus was a pivotal event during the 1450s that posed challenges to the way Europeans viewed the world. Columbus was born in Genoa Italy, and is hailed as one the greatest navigators during his time, ins piring an official American Holiday. However, Columbus’s voyage isn’t all that great of a thing, especially to the native peoples and environment of the Americas. Columbus’s deeds are soured by false motives, violence against theRead MoreChristopher Columbus Discovery Of The Americas919 Words   |  4 PagesChristopher Columbus’ discovery of the Americas set the precedent for the European conquest of it. In fact, his tactics of taking land, wealth, and labor from the indigenous populations were carried out by many of the Europeans who later came to the Americas. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, whose country eventually benefited from this endeavor, financially supported Columbus. However, not all people included benefited from Columbus’ ‘discovery’ of the Americas. It also led to the decimationRead MoreChristopher Columbus And The Discovery Of The Americas1303 Words   |  6 PagesAt the beginning of the book Christopher Columbus and the Discovery of the Americas, the author Tim McNeese is telling us a general explanation of why Christopher Columbus is so recognized. He says â€Å"Few men in history have been as honored and recognized for their contributions as Christopher Columbus.†1 As the author noted, Christopher Columbus is well recognized and honored for his achievements because he changed the history of people in every continent. Someone who is spoken of this highly shouldRead MoreChristopher Columbus Discovery Of The America1124 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Board. Christopher Columbus’ discovery of the America is frequently considered one of the most important incidents that propelled the West to the front stage of history until today. It is because since the late 15th century the West began sailing across the oceans and founded colonies wherever they landed. All the places the European conquistadors took over, however, none incurred more horrifying damage and suffering than the indigenous peoples in the Americas. There were laws that protected someRead MoreBrown: the Last Discovery of America1331 Words   |  6 PagesBrown: The Last Discovery of America completes Richard Rodriguez s three-volume work in which he explains and explores the ethnic and racial future of America. In this particular book, the author defines the color brown not as the representation of the Hispanic race but as the color of the future. Black, white, yellow, the author explains, are incorrect racial categories for it is not how nature works. Nature yearns for combination of all different colors, and brown is the final result. In theRead MoreChristopher Columbus s Discovery Of The America1132 Words   |  5 PagesChristopher Columbus’s discovery of the America’s was monumental. His exploration of the New World impacted the culture, and development of America. One of these effects was the expansion of goods and products in the decades after Columbus’s first contact with Americans. Other effe cts included how these goods and products affected Amerindians and Europeans which also influenced the Columbian Exchange. Christopher Columbus’s influence on the Americas and Europe is the main reason why he is stillRead MoreThe Discovery of America: An Indirect Result of the Crusades673 Words   |  3 Pages The United States would not be what it is today if it were not for the societies that have impacted it. The Crusades indirectly contributed to the discovery of the new world. To this day America still imports grain from a trade policy signed of years ago during the Ukrainian Famine. The discovery of America is all because of the indirect effect from the Crusades. The sacking of Constantinople (1204), which was a result from the Fouth Crusade, resulted in the fatal weakening ofRead MoreThe Discovery And Creation Of The United States Of America2211 Words   |  9 PagesAmerica was built upon the dreams of many and has many layers to its story. It is a land built upon the â€Å"melting pot† theory, where the discovery of new cultures and societies, bringing their own languages, customs, traditions, religions and beliefs, made us who we are today. A country built on the ideals of freedom and liberty. But with any new idea, come the trials and tribulations associated with it. The discovery and creation of the United States of America was not exception to this rule.

The Relationship Of Feminism And Anthropology Anthropology Essay Free Essays

The relationship of feminism and anthropology can convey a new development to the manner descriptive anthropologies are written and done. Lila Abu-Lughod ‘s statement women’s rightist descriptive anthropology is an ‘ethnography with adult females at the Centre written for adult females by adult females ‘ can be seen as an attempt to happen a distinguishable manner of making and composing descriptive anthropology. In this essay I will look at the roots of feminism and feminist anthropology. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Of Feminism And Anthropology Anthropology Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will so discourse Abu-Lughod ‘s statement and seek to explicate how her statement is good to anthropology and whether it is possible to make research her manner. I will secondly look at the advantages and disadvantages of the statement. I will concentrate on impressions of partial individuality and objectiveness. Finally, I will reason by discoursing some of the issues environing the authorization of adult females, and that although Abu-Lughod ‘s statement does hold some benefits it misses the of import point. I will reason that feminist descriptive anthropology should be used as a political tool for deprived adult females and it should reflect a â€Å" corporate, dialectical procedure of edifice theory through battles for alteration † ( Enslin:1994:545 ) . Feminism can be defined as ‘both a societal motion and a position on society. As a societal motion, it has challenged the historical subordination of adult females and advocated political, societal, and economic equality between the sexes. As a societal and sociological position, it has examined the functions that sex and gender drama in structuring society, every bit good as the mutual function that society dramas in structuring sex and gender ‘ ( Oxford dictionary 2007 ) . There are three chief classs in which the different moving ridges of feminism can be divided. Among the first one which was from 1850 to 1920, during this period most research was carried out by work forces. Feminists aimed to convey the voice of adult females in descriptive anthropology, they gave a different angle on experiences of adult females and the environing events. This brought a new angle because male descriptive anthropologies merely had the chance to interview other work forces e.g. what w ere adult females like. Important figures during this period were P.Kayberry who worked with B.Malinowski at LSE. She focused on faith but she examined work forces and adult females in her work. Traveling on to the 2nd moving ridge of which was from 1920s to 1980s, here the separation between sex and gender was made by of import women’s rightists. Sexual activity as nature and gender as civilization. This takes us to the nature civilization duality which is of import when we are concentrating on the subordination of adult females in different societies. The dualities between sex/gender, work/home, men/women, and nature/culture are of import in societal theory for raising arguments. Important figures in the 2nd moving ridge feminism were Margaret Mead she made a batch of part in her work on the diverseness of civilizations here she helped to breakdown the prejudice that was based on constructs of what is natural, and she put more accent on civilization in people ‘s development. Most of import work ‘s of Mead was Coming of Age in Samoa ( 1928 ) . Another of import figure was Eleanor Leacock who was a Marxist feminist anthropologist. She focused on catholicit y of female subordination and argued against this claim. This 2nd moving ridge of feminism was influenced by a figure of events in history, the 1960s was closely linked to political agitation in Europe and North America, like the anti-Vietnam war motion and the civil rights motion. Feminism was something that grew out of these political events during the sixtiess. Feminism argued that political relations and cognition were closely linked with each other so women’s rightists were concerned with cognition and we have to oppugn the cognition that was being given to us. Feminism during 1960s called for the constitution of adult females ‘s authorship, universities, feminist sociology and a feminist political order which would be classless. Feminists became interested in anthropology, because they looked to ethnography as a beginning of information about whether adult females were being dominated everyplace by work forces. What are some of the ways that adult females are populating different societies, was there grounds of equality between work forces and adult females. Did matriarchal societies of all time exist and to acquire the replies to such inquiries they turned to ethnography. This takes us to the issue of descriptive anthropology and what we understand about adult females in different societies. It became obvious that traditional ethnographic work ignored adult females. Some of the issues environing adult females are ; ethnograhies did non speak about adult females ‘s universes, it did non speak about what went on in adult females ‘s lives, what they thought and what their functions were. When we discuss the inquiry are adult females truly subordinated, we realize that we do non cognize much about adult females in different societies. B.Malinowski ‘s work on the Kula did discourse the male function in the exchange of valuables. But during the 1970s Anette Weiner ( 1983 ) went to analyze the same society and she found out adult females are playing an of import function in Trobriand society excessively. Their involved with the Kula, exchanges, rites etc but Malinowski ne’er wrote about it. Female anthropologists of the seventiess wo uld travel and look for of import work forces, and so they would analyze their values, their societies, what was of import to them. These anthropologists assumed, that work forces followed male logics in this public/private divide in line with this divide between the domestic and public sphere. They would besides presume that what went on in the populace sphere, economic system, political relations was more of import the domestic side. The construct of objectiveness came to be regarded as a manner of male power. Feminists claimed that scientific ideals of catholicity, eternity, and objectiveness were inherently male-dominated and that the more feminist properties of particularism, empathy and emotionalism were devalued ( Abu-Lughod 1990 ) . Feminists argued that to take over male domination these female properties had to be given more importance and made clear. Abu-Lughod ‘s ideal manner of making research is when a female ethnographer takes portion in the descriptive anthropology, instead so taking herself, who listens to other adult females ‘s voice and gives histories ( Abu-Lughod 1990 ) . The female ethnographer is able to make so because although the adult females studied differ from the ethnographer, she portions portion of the individuality of her source. The female research worker therefore has the appropriate â€Å" tools † to understand the other adult female ‘s life ( Abu-Lughod 1990 ) . this is why harmonizing to Abu-Lughod female descriptive anthropology should be an descriptive anthropology with adult females at the Centre written by and for adult females. Abu-Lughod says that early women’s rightist anthropologists did non truly make anything about cognition. They had good purposes but they did n’t make much as they were trapped in ways of thought that had been given to them by the masculine nature of the academy. How to cite The Relationship Of Feminism And Anthropology Anthropology Essay, Essay examples

Strategic Management Competitive Implications of the Deployment

Question: Discuss about the case study Strategic Management for Competitive Implications of the Deployment. Answer: Introduction Mark and Spencer (MS) is a famous retailer based on United Kingdom. It has started with a small shop and now one of the leading retailer in the UK. It has nearly 910 stores in the home market and over 1380 stores around the world (Reuters UK 2016). The company delivers its own brand clothing; food; home products in the stores of UK and internationally as well. It has also online shopping facility from its website. As on 2015, it has over 83000 employees over the entire world. Strategic Purpose Mission; Vision and Values of MS: Mission Statement of MSis to make aspirational quality accessible to all. Vision Statement of MS is to be the standards against which all others are measured. Values of MS are Quality; Value; Service; Innovation and Trust. The strategic purpose of the UK retailer Mark Spencer is to provide a high class quality to its customers. They assure that they will provide quality goods that are affordable for all level of people. MS aims to set a benchmark quality of its products that will be followed by others. The company assures to provide high quality that will worth the value and provide top class services. It emphasizes on innovating new products according to the ever changing market pattern and also on building trust(Mark Spencer 2016). Strategic Statements and Functional objective Mark Spencer objective is to become leader in clothing and specialty food. It followsits mission statement in achieving the quality of product. The statements of the company are based on the objectives it has formulated to achieve. To achieve its objectives of retaining customers, MS provides quality services that complements its mission; vision and values. To attain high growth and improve profitability, MS has gained trust of the stakeholders. However, the functioning is at per its strategic statements, the focus on quality indicates that the company might charge a high price for that, instead of low quality and cheaper products. This means that the products of MS might not be affordable for all class of people. The decisions of MS are mostly based on ethics. Customers prefers products that are created under strong morale value. Hence, the objective of the company to capture the market share will be fulfilled. The company is expanding in the international market that increases competency (Bloomberg.com 2014). This can be mentioned that, the mission of the MS is to achieve functional objectives in order to achieve its vision of the future, maintain the values of the organization. The performance of this company is quite good and as demonstrated in the following table (Table 1). The companys strategy to strengthen its brand has been implemented properly. This is because, according to Global Reputation Pulse measures, MS has ranked at number one position in 2009 (Prnewswire.co.uk 2016). Table 1: Income Statement of M S, 2016 Source: Mark and Spencer 2016 Table 2: Top 10 Companies at Global Reputation Pulse Measure Rank Company Global Pulse Score 1 Marks Spencer 78.23 2 Smith Nephew 77.58 3 Cadbury PLC 77.58 4 William Morrison Supermarkets 77.16 5 Rolls-Royce 77.09 6 Tate Lyle 76.84 7 Sainsbury 76.43 8 Intercontinental Hotels 76.16 9 Thomas Cook 75.99 10 Inmarsat 75.31 Source: Prnewswire.co.uk 2016 External Analysis Macro-environment Analysis The external environment of MS has significant effect on the strategies of the company. The external factors that influences the environment of the company are political factor (P); economical factor (E); social factor (S); technological factor (T); legal factor (L) and environmental factor (E). Hence, the PESTLE Analysis will help to analyse the macro-environment of Mark and Spencer. Table 3: PESTLE Analysis Factors Impact Political Factor Opening up of East European countries in free trade agreement and European integration offers the companies like MS to expand its business on those regions (Keukeleire and Delreux 2014). The political stability of UK, attracts many investors that is a major factor for a growing business (Hamilton and Webster 2015). The taxation policy also changes the strategy of a retail company. EconomicFactor: The retail sector of United Kingdom is quite prone to recession and change in interest rate also affect this market significantly. During the financial crisis, the country has suffered a lot. Moreover, the standard of living of the people of this country is improving. Hence, the ups and downs in the economic indicator affect the activity of Mark and Spencer. The competitors of this company import products due to free trade regime in the most of the countries and save their expenses, whereas MS faces high cost of production for maintain high quality. Social Factor Changes in the consumers taste; preference; attitudes and lifestyle affects the retail industry. The people of UK no longer put high demand for high quality product, rather they have shifted their demand for more fashionable and trendy clothing (Entwistle 2015). The customers of this nation have also become price sensitive. The people of UK places high value for their money. Technological Factor: The technical changes severely affected the retail companies like MS. The emergence of online marketing and online shopping has become common practices and widened the scope of ecommerce (Gehrt et al. 2012). Moreover, the improved communication system enables the companies to stay connected to the customers. The style and fashion are copied through technology and adopted in other nations. Legal Factor: The legislation of producing renewable natural resources for making apparels or clothes, closely monitors practices of the companies. Moreover, MS has infringed many labour laws in its local operations. This has hindered its development process. Environmental Analysis: The retail business involves packaging and huge waste disposal. However, MS produce their goods in an eco-friendly manner. The growing awareness among people regarding the environment affects the business. If production creates environment hazards, then people will reduce their purchasing from that company. This will lead to fall in sales and profit. Industry Analysis The industry profitability or success not only depends on the quality of products and uses of technology. The structure of the industry and some forces are responsible for industry attractiveness in the long term. There are five forces explained by Porter, which are the major tools to analyse the industry the firm operates in (Dobbs 2014). Porters Five Forces are: threats of new entrants; bargaining power of buyers; threats of substitutes bargaining power of suppliers and competitive rivalry. Threats of New Entrants: Entrance of a new firm increase the level of competition. The cost of setting up a retail industry is quite huge. Moreover, there are already many retail firms in the UK market that are already well established, capturing large market share. New entrants will take number of years to establish a high quality brand like Mark and Spencer. Thus threats of new entrants are low. Threats of Substitute: There are increasing retailers who import goods from foreign market and sell it t cheaper price. Therefore, the substitute force of this industry is quite higher. The MS increases feature of its product to retain the customers from shifting to other company. However, due to price sensitiveness, the customers substitute the MS products with other low price products available in the UK market. Bargaining Power of Buyers: The power of buyers is very high as they are large in number and there are many alternate options to them. If the price of MS is too high, buyers will buy it from other retail stores that are offering cheaper prices. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The bargaining power of the supplier is low as they want to sell their produced goods and services through the large retail companies like MS. There are plenty of suppliers in the market, so MS have alternative options for purchasing raw materials from its suppliers. Competitive Rivalry: Mark Spencer has number of rivals in the clothing sector like John Lewis etc. and high competition in food industry from firms like Tesco and Sainsbury. The competition in the retail industry is very high in United Kingdom. Internal Analysis Strategic Capabilities and Competency The excellent and quality products of MS are the key area of competency. In addition to this, the superior technology enhances the capability of this company. Core competency is vital for MS. It enables the company to deliver high value; consistent quality. The investors and the customers trusts the company and the management quality of the company is also of superior quality. Its diversified product is another added advantage and makes it more competent in the competitive market. Reputation and the loyalty of the customers are important resources to run the business (Yu, Ramanathan and Nath 2014). It is the epitome of honesty in this nations retail industry. The core competency resulted in development of strong brand; excellent quality control and good customer service. Rigid management system once caused MS to become vulnerable to the changes in the market. Therefore, the company created more resources to seek new opportunity. MS allowed autonomy for the store managers; they adopte d different procedure of buying and started to look for overseas suppliers. The internal structure of the organization is flat in nature. This encourages the employees to take part in the decision making process. The relationship between the employees; suppliers; management and customers are getting stronger; which has positioned MS at the markets core. The combination of capabilities and resources, the MS has achieved unique competency. The resource and capability further improved the efficiency of the organization (Wang 2016). The basic resources are those that the competitors also use. The unique resources are those resources that are different from the competitors and it is hard to copy. The unique resources create competitive advantage for the organization (Costa, Cool and Dierickx 2013). The basic resources of MS are its number of store; experienced staff; high quality product and essential suppliers. Unique resource of this company is its brand awareness. Most of the people in UK along with people outside know the company. Business Function of MS The MS operates in the retail industry in UK. The business function of this company incorporates developing a culture of quality awareness in the company. It ensures quality through rigorous examination of products from suppliers. This has helped the company to create its brand value and maintaining it for long years. The functions of the business of this company are also formulated in order to achieve the sustainability. Currently, the Plan A of this company is adopted to achieve goal of ethical and environmental objectives. According to this business plan, the company aims to make its business in UK, Carbon neutral(Corporate.marksandspencer.com 2016). The ultimate goal of MS is to become most sustainable retailer. The company has expanded its international business as well. Basis of Competitive Strategy The generic strategies of a company are analysed in order to understand the competitive advantage of the company. The Porters generic strategies are: Cost Leadership; Differentiation and Focus (Tanwar 2013). The Focus strategy is again divided into two categories; Cost Focus and Differentiation Focus. Source: Jenkins and Williamson 2015 The three generic strategies of Porter extended to eight different strategies varying according to the price and value perceived to the consumers (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). This is known as Strategic Clock as illustrated in the following diagram. Source: Metzger 2014 MS is operating in a very tough competitive environment. It operates in many segments like, food; cloths; home and beauty products in order to deal with the competitors. MS clothing changes according to the trend to maintain its competitive advantage over the market(Butler 2014). This company faces tough competition from Next; Debenhams; Gap etc. who provide clothing that is more fashionable. Similarly, in food chain Tesco and Sainsbury gives it a tough competition as they are offering frozen and readymade food items. The MS has therefore obtained strategies that help it to compete in the market. MS differentiated themselves from other with their top quality own label food; fresh food and food for special occasion. They do not offer discount offers to the customers rather they prefer to give them additional value for their money and consistently maintained its freshness and quality. The biggest retailers of UK (Tesco; Sainsbury; Morrison and ASDA) constitute huge percentage of market share together. Therefore, MS cannot compete with them in low price strategy. Therefore, their strategy is to focus on the quality of product and make its product unique from what others offer. It offers high quality product for the upper end of the mass market. The company is a premium food retailer and trying to gain market share. Hence, it can be concluded that the company stands on Focused differentiation strategy in Bowmans Clock. Strategic Choice and Strategy Evaluation Ansoff Matrix The strategic choice determines the future of the company. From the above analyses, it can be said that the company will focus on maintaining its quality in order to satisfy their customers. They would prefer to sell their own labelled branded goods. Since, the company has number of rivals in the UK market, it must adopt strategy that will help to capture more market share. Since, the products offered by MS have several alternatives, it will try to differentiate its products and services. Hence, innovation process is crucial to this company and its strategic choice of innovation will be focused on improving quality and offering differentiated or unique products to the consumers. From Ansoffs Matrix, the strategic direction of the company can be identified. Company can gain competitive advantage through four options, such as, market penetration; product development; market development and diversification (Jenkins and Williamson 2015). Source: Jenkins and Williamson 2015 Market Penetration: This entails the developing existing products in order to attract more people in the existing market. Through market penetration, Mark Spencer can increase its market share. The loyalty program; sales promotion or pricing strategy can be used as tools for market penetration. MS started with single company and now it has grown to many numbers in the domestic market. The company focused on improving their clothing fashion and concentrate on British market. Through aggressive promotional campaign and implementing of loyalty card, MS has achieved competitive advantage. Product Development: This entails development of new product in the existing market or development of production process through technological improvement. Mark and Spencer has developed some new products like banking and financial service. Product development requires developing new competency. MS increases its competitive advantage by improving its clothing variety. It has developed its product through establishing a new brand per una. Promoting online services, the company developed its product and get access to more customers, which improves their competitiveness. Market Development: This entails selling of existing product in new market. This includes exploitation of new market segment and having new users (Hood, Clarke and Clarke 2016).MS has opened its largest store outside UK in Dubai. It has also opened stores in Shanghai and much other foreign market. By developing clothing wear specifically for teenage group or children (which is a different market segment), MShas become more competitive. Diversification: This entails the riskiest venture of a business, as it moves to new market with a product. MS through diversification strategy reduces its dependency on the UK market. The company also diversifies its products in food items; home appliance etc. MS can grow in future through penetrating market by developing new product as it will be less risky in the growth path of the company. Suitability; Acceptability; Feasibility of strategy Market Development: While launching existing product into the new market, the strategy exploits the strength of the company. This is because, the product is already in the present market and MS knows how to promote its product in new market. It also fit with the purpose of the firm. Hence, it is suitable. There is certain risk associated with this kind of strategy, as the new market is to be explored by the firm. However, this strategy is acceptable as MS already knows everything about the product, like its demand etc. Moreover, the brand name is already established. Therefore, this strategy is acceptable. This kind of strategy is possible to implement if the company has sufficient resources. It is feasible becauseMS can finance this strategy. Conclusion The strategic statement of Mark Spencer, the famous retailer in the UK market, is similar to that of its functional objectives. It faces growing opportunity due to changing global politics and threats from some legal constraint. Industry analysis indicates that it faces a challenging environment. MS achieved competencies through resources and capabilities of the firm. It has been identified that MS follows focused differentiation strategy to achieve competitive advantage. The company also focuses on its growth that has been analysed with the help of Ansoff Matrix. The Suitability-Acceptability-Feasibility of market development strategy of MS has been verified. Recommendation MS can utilize their strength in terms of their strong brand value. It can make most out of its excellent quality products. Operating more than a century, the company has been consistence in its performance. The company must utilize these strengths in its functioning. However, it can avoid criticism by curbing down its excessive price of the products. The clothing fashion of this company reflects British royalty, but younger generation is fond of trendy fashion. MS must be engaged in the promotional activity to attract its customers. MS must capitalize on the online shopping facility. Entering into the new market segment is another opportunity of the company that must be utilized to improve the comparative advantage of the company. It is recommended to manage the threats of the company by reducing price, as most of the rivals are offering same products at cheaper price. MS must differentiate its product, so that people find it difficult to substitute it. References Bloomberg.com. 2014. Marks Spencer Sets Objective for Boosting International Profit. 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